Anti-kelchlike protein 11 antibody-associated encephalitis: Two case reports and review of the literature.

Background And Purpose: Kelchlike protein 11 antibodies (KLHL11-IgGs) were first described in 2019 as a marker of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs). They have mostly been associated with testicular germ cell tumors (tGCTs).

Methods: Two patients with KLHL11-IgG encephalitis are reported, and the literature is comprehensively reviewed.

The effect of fatigability on Expanded Disability Status Scale components in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is the most widely used disability measure in multiple sclerosis (MS). The effect of fatigability on EDSS components has been underreported to date.

Objective: We investigated daytime variability in EDSS score and EDSS components – functional scores (FS) and walking distance (WD) up to 500 m, in MS patients who underwent a standardized fatiguing exercise.

Cytokine profiles show heterogeneity of interferon-β response in multiple sclerosis patients.

Objective: To evaluate serum cytokine profiles for their utility to determine the heterogeneous responses to interferon (IFN)-β treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: Patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or clinically isolated syndrome receiving de novo IFN-β treatment were included in this prospective, observational study. Number of relapses and changes in disability were assessed 2 years prior to and 2 years after initiation of treatment.

Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on endothelial cells.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a human pathogen that produces leukotoxin (LtxA) as a major virulence factor. In this study the effect of LtxA on microvascular endothelial cell viability and phenotype was studied. High doses of single LtxA treatment (500 ng/ml to 5 μg/ml) significantly and irreversibly decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, as assessed by tetrazolium salt and annexin V assay, respectively.

Supernumerary phantom limb as a rare symptom of epileptic seizures--case report and literature review.

Supernumerary phantom limbs, that is, the awareness of an illusory extra limb is a fascinating neurologic symptom that has been described in a number of neurologic diseases including stroke, spinal injury, and epilepsy. Herein we report a case of a 70-year-old male patient with new-onset focal seizures with left-sided supernumerary phantom arm and leg as the only seizure manifestation. Ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed a hyperperfusion in the right temporoparietal junction and allowed localization of the seizure-onset zone.

Natalizumab treatment reduces endothelial activity in MS patients.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 a ligand for leukocyte very late activating antigen-4 is a key player in leukocyte extravasation in MS lesions. Natalizumab a monoclonal antibody against VLA-4 blocks this interaction. VCAM-1 and its soluble form are up-regulated during endothelial activation in MS.

Influence of interferon-beta therapy switching on neutralizing antibody titres: results from the Austrian Switch Study.

Neutralizing antibodies against interferon-beta are associated with a reduction of the efficacy of this drug. Continuing treatment leads to a decline or even loss of neutralizing antibodies over years. No strategies are currently available to shorten the period of neutralizing antibody positivity.