[Deprivation index by enumeration district in Spain, 2011].

Objective: To present the methodology used in the design and implementation of a deprivation index by enumeration district, and to describe the socioeconomic situation of Spain in 2011.

Method: The unit of analysis was the enumeration district (N=35,960). Data came from the 2011 Population and Housing Census of Spain.

Density of Green Spaces and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the City of Madrid: The Heart Healthy Hoods Study.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the density of green spaces at different buffer sizes (300, 500, 1000 and 1500 m) and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes) as well as to study if the relationship is different for males and females. We conducted cross-sectional analyses using the baseline measures of the Heart Healthy Hoods study ( = 1625). We obtained data on the outcomes from clinical diagnoses, as well as anthropometric and blood sample measures.

Assessing the Retail Food Environment in Madrid: An Evaluation of Administrative Data against Ground Truthing.

Previous studies have suggested that European settings face unique food environment issues; however, retail food environments (RFE) outside Anglo-Saxon contexts remain understudied. We assessed the completeness and accuracy of an administrative dataset against ground truthing, using the example of Madrid (Spain). Further, we tested whether its completeness differed by its area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and population density.

Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Retail Food Environment around Schools in a Southern European Context.

Across Europe, excess body weight rates are particularly high among children and adolescents living in Southern European contexts. In Spain, current food policies appeal to voluntary self-regulation of the food industry and parents' responsibility. However, there is no research (within Spain) assessing the food environment surrounding schools.

Access to and availability of exercise facilities in Madrid: an equity perspective.

Background: Identifying socioeconomic determinants that are associated with access to and availability of exercise facilities is fundamental to supporting physical activity engagement in urban populations, which in turn, may reduce health inequities. This study analysed the relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and access to, and availability of, exercise facilities in Madrid, Spain.

Methods: Area-level SES was measured using a composite index based on seven sociodemographic indicators.

Understanding Urban Health Inequalities: Methods and Design of the Heart Health Hoods Qualitative Project.

Objective: Qualitative methods may help to understand features related to health urban inequalities as a way to include citizens' perceptions of their neighbourhoods in relation to their health-related behaviours. The aim of this article is to describe the methods and design of a qualitative urban health study.

Methods: The Heart Healthy Hoods (HHH) analyses cardiovascular health in an urban environment using mixed methods: electronic health records, quantitative individual questionnaires, physical examination, semi-structured Interviews (SSIs), focus groups (FGs) and participatory technics such as photovoice.

A multicomponent method assessing healthy cardiovascular urban environments: The Heart Healthy Hoods Index.

Previous studies have examined the built environment mostly focusing on a single exposure construct (e.g. walkability) to examine its association with health outcomes.

Development and evaluation of the OHCITIES instrument: assessing alcohol urban environments in the Heart Healthy Hoods project.

Objectives: To describe the development and test-retest reliability of OHCITIES, an instrument characterising alcohol urban environment in terms of availability, promotion and signs of consumption.

Design: This study involved: (1) developing the conceptual framework for alcohol urban environment by means of literature reviewing and previous alcohol environment research experience; (2) pilot testing and redesigning the instrument; (3) instrument digitalisation; (4) instrument evaluation using test-retest reliability.

Setting: Data for testing the reliability of the instrument were collected in seven census sections in Madrid in 2016 by two observers.

Intersection of neighborhood dynamics and socioeconomic status in small-area walkability: the Heart Healthy Hoods project.

Background: Previous studies found a complex relationship between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability. These studies did not include neighborhood dynamics. Our aim was to study the association between area-level SES and walkability in the city of Madrid (Spain) evaluating the potential effect modification of neighborhood dynamics.

Characterizing physical activity and food urban environments: a GIS-based multicomponent proposal.

Background: Healthier urban environments influence the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors. Our aim was to design and implement a multicomponent method based on Geographic Information Systems to characterize and evaluate environmental correlates of obesity: the food and the physical activity urban environments.

Methods: Study location comprised a socio-demographically average urban area of 12 contiguous census sections (≈16,000 residents), in Madrid, Spain.

Understanding differences in the local food environment across countries: A case study in Madrid (Spain) and Baltimore (USA).

Places where we buy food influence dietary patterns, making local food environments a good example of a mass influence on population diets. Cross-cultural studies, using reliable methods, may help understanding the relationship between food environments and diet-related health outcomes. We aimed to understand cross-national differences in the local food environment between Madrid and Baltimore by comparing an average neighborhood in each city in terms of food store types, healthy food availability, and residents' pedestrian access.

Assessing Walking and Cycling Environments in the Streets of Madrid: Comparing On-Field and Virtual Audits.

Audit tools are useful for exploring the urban environment and its association with physical activity. Virtual auditing options are becoming increasingly available potentially reducing the resources needed to conduct these assessments. Only a few studies have explored the use of virtual audit tools.