PET, SPECT, and MRI imaging for evaluation of Parkinson's disease.

This review assesses the primary neuroimaging techniques used to evaluate Parkinson's disease (PD) - a neurological condition characterized by gradual dopamine-producing nerve cell degeneration. The neuroimaging techniques explored include positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These modalities offer varying degrees of insights into PD pathophysiology, diagnostic accuracy, specificity by way of exclusion of other Parkinsonian syndromes, and monitoring of disease progression.

Incomplete remyelination via therapeutically enhanced oligodendrogenesis is sufficient to recover visual cortical function.

Myelin loss induces neural dysfunction and contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, injury conditions, and aging. Because remyelination is often incomplete, better understanding endogenous remyelination and developing remyelination therapies that restore neural function are clinical imperatives. Here, we use in vivo two-photon microscopy and electrophysiology to study the dynamics of endogenous and therapeutic-induced cortical remyelination and functional recovery after cuprizone-mediated demyelination in mice.

FCIQMC-CASPT2 with Imaginary-Time-Averaged Wave Functions.

A new method to perform complete active space second-order perturbation theory on top of large active spaces optimized with full configuration quantum Monte Carlo is presented. Computing the three- and Fock-contracted four-particle density matrix from imaginary-time-averaged wave functions is found to resolve fermionic positivity violations and to ensure numerical stability. The protocol is applied to [NiFe]-hydrogenase, [CuO]-oxidase and Fe-porphyrin model systems up to 26 electrons in 27 orbitals and benchmarked against DMRG-CASPT2.

Artificial Intelligence-Guided Inverse Design of Deployable Thermo-Metamaterial Implants.

Current limitations in implant design often lead to trade-offs between minimally invasive surgery and achieving the desired post-implantation functionality. Here, we present an artificial intelligence inverse design paradigm for creating deployable implants as planar and tubular thermal mechanical metamaterials (thermo-metamaterials). These thermo-metamaterial implants exhibit tunable mechanical properties and volume change in response to temperature changes, enabling minimally invasive and personalized surgery.

North American clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of hidradenitis suppurativa in special patient populations.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) affects different patient populations that require unique considerations in their management. However, no HS guidelines for these populations exist.

Objective: To provide evidence-based consensus recommendations for patients with HS in 7 special patient populations: (i) pregnancy, (ii) breastfeeding, (iii) pediatrics, (iv) malignancy, (v) tuberculosis infection, (vi) hepatitis B or C infection, and (vii) HIV disease.

California Stress, Trauma, and Resilience Study (CalSTARS) protocol: A multiomics-based cross-sectional investigation and randomized controlled trial to elucidate the biology of ACEs and test a precision intervention for reducing stress and enhancing resilience.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are very common and presently implicated in 9 out of 10 leading causes of death in the United States. Despite this fact, our mechanistic understanding of how ACEs impact health is limited. Moreover, interventions for reducing stress presently use a one-size-fits-all approach that involves no treatment tailoring or precision.

Long-term efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa: Week 104 results from the SUNSHINE and SUNRISE extension trial.

Background: SUNSHINE and SUNRISE demonstrated sustained clinical efficacy of secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) through 52 weeks. Patients completing the core trials could enter a 4-year extension trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety/tolerability, and maintenance of clinical response of secukinumab through Week 104 in the extension trial.

Three Iranian patients with rare subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): SPG76, SPG56, and SPG69.

Some subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), especially with autosomal recessive inheritance (AR-HSP), have been reported rarely. In this study, we report the clinical features and molecular results of three unrelated Iranian patients with rare subtypes of HSP, including SPG76, SPG56, and SPG69; thereafter, we compare them to other reported cases. Three patients who were clinically diagnosed with HSP and born to consanguineous parents underwent molecular assessment by whole-exome sequencing (WES), followed by Sanger sequencing and co-segregation analysis.

The Spectrum of Cutaneous Granulomatous Inflammation and Detection of Rubella Virus in Skin Biopsies of Patients With Common Variable Immune Deficiency.

Background: There is a known association between common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and granulomas in multiple organ systems, including the skin, lung, liver, and spleen. Rubella virus has also been detected within cutaneous granulomas in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. We present a retrospective case series of patients with CVID and granulomatous skin disease and describe the spectrum of clinical and histopathologic features, including the status of rubella virus in the cutaneous granulomas.

18F-FDG-PET and other imaging modalities in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that presents complex diagnostic and management challenges. Early detection and treatment of IBD is paramount, as IBD can present with serious complications, including bowel perforation, arthritis, and colorectal cancer. Most forms of diagnosis and therapeutic management, like ileocolonoscopy and upper endoscopy are highly invasive and require extensive preparation at great discomfort to patients.

Clinical Applications of PET Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves a complex pathophysiology of neurodegeneration that leads to severe cognitive deficiencies. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie this disease is fundamental to clinical management and therapeutic innovation. Functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) enables a visualization of these impaired pathways, such as cerebral hypometabolism, amyloid and tau accumulation, and neurotransmitter dysfunction.

Structural and Molecular Imaging of Aging Brain: A Focus on MR Imaging and PET Modalities.

The process of aging in the brain is reflective of various factors including the environment, lifestyle, genetics, and management of concurrent chronic conditions. Aging in the brain leads to observable structural changes on neuroimaging, such as brain volume reduction, neuronal atrophy, and synaptic loss, which affect higher cognitive functions. Positron emission tomography imaging can help visualize these changes earlier before structural changes even take place and the associated decline in brain function, revealing important insights into how the brain ages and the impact on neural connectivity and cognitive abilities.

CT, MRI, and PET Imaging in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern in the United States and worldwide. Neuroimaging is a critical element in the clinical evaluation of TBIs, as computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging are commonly used to identify structural changes that may aid in treatment decision-making and long-term patient monitoring. This article reviews the utility of CT and MR imaging while focusing on the emerging applications of PET in TBI.

Squamous Metaplasia of Lactiferous Ducts (Zuska's Disease) of the Breast: Clinical and Histopathologic Manifestations.

Introduction: Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous duct (SMOLD), also known as Zuska's disease, is an uncommon, recurrent inflammatory fistulizing disease of the breast that strongly correlates with smoking in premenopausal patients. Clinical and imaging findings may overlap with other breast conditions. SMOLD is well recognized by breast pathologists; however, the dermatology literature on this condition remains scarce.

The State-of-the-Art PET Tracers in Glioblastoma and High-grade Gliomas and Implications for Theranostics.

MR imaging is currently the main imaging modality used for the diagnosis and post therapeutic assessment of glioblastomas. Recently, several innovative PET radioactive tracers have been investigated for the evaluation of glioblastomas (GBM). These radiotracers target several biochemical and pathophysiological processes seen in tumors.

Potential Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of MR Imaging, fMR Imaging, and PET Studies.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a characteristically heterogeneous disorder, as multiple neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by similar symptomology and behavior. Research has shown that individuals with ASD benefit from early intervention; neuroimaging data may reveal information that cannot be obtained from traditional behavioral analysis. This review discusses the use of structural MR imaging, functional MR imaging (fMR imaging), and PET in the detection of ASD.

A Brief History and the Use of PET in the Diagnosis and Management of Schizophrenia: An Educational Review.

This article explores the role of PET in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. PET imaging can reveal neurobiologic aspects such as cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, receptor function, and neuroinflammation in schizophrenia. It has supported the dopaminergic hypothesis and helped distinguish symptom types and severity.

Molecular Imaging with PET in the Assessment of Vascular Dementia and Cerebrovascular Disease.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a unique form of cognitive decline caused by impairment of blood flow to the brain. Atherosclerosis is strongly associated with VaD as plaque accumulation can lead to tissue hypoperfusion or stroke. VaD and atherosclerosis are both diagnosed relatively late in their disease courses, prompting the need for novel diagnostic approaches such as PET to visualize subclinical pathophysiologic changes.

Clinical phenotype, genotypes, and treatment observations in Yao syndrome: a retrospective case series.

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotype and genotype of patients with Yao syndrome (YAOS), with focus on comparing to prior cohorts, identifying novel features, and describing treatment observations.

Methods: A retrospective medical records review of patients with YAOS seen at Mayo Clinic was conducted to characterize clinical features, genotypes, and therapeutic trials and responses.

Results: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with YAOS were included.

Secukinumab efficacy in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa assessed by the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4): A post hoc analysis of the SUNSHINE and SUNRISE trials.

Introduction: The International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4) is a validated tool that measures inflammatory lesions, including draining tunnels, in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

Objective: To evaluate secukinumab efficacy using IHS4 in patients with moderate to severe HS.

Methods: Data from the SUNSHINE and SUNRISE trials, which assessed subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg every 2 (SECQ2W) and 4 (SECQ4W) weeks in adults with moderate to severe HS, were analyzed.