A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

Impact of patient-specific factors on clozapine metabolism in individuals with treatment-resistant schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Background: There is high inter-individual variability in clozapine metabolism due to genetic and non-genetic differences. Patient-specific factors such as smoking, inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and certain concurrent medications have a significant influence on clozapine metabolism.

Aim: To assess which patient-specific factors best explain variability in clozapine metabolism estimated by clozapine concentration to dose (C/D) ratios.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of synthetic cathinone use and psychosis.

Rationale: Synthetic cathinones (SC), commonly referred to as "bath salts", are stimulants resembling the natural alkaloid cathinone found in the khat plant. These substances have the potential to induce serious health risks such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia and agitation which can lead to substance-induced psychotic disorders. Despite growing concerns, there is a limited understanding of the association between SC consumption and the devolvement of such psychopathologies.

Differential sensitivity of intraindividual variability dispersion and global cognition in the prediction of functional outcomes and mortality in precariously housed and homeless adults.

Objective: To examine cognitive intraindividual variability (IIV) dispersion as a predictor of everyday functioning and mortality in persons who are homeless or precariously housed.

Method: Participants were 407 community-dwelling adults, followed for up to 13 years. Neurocognition was assessed at baseline and IIV dispersion was derived using a battery of standardized tests.

A Novel Leu-Enkephalin Prodrug Produces Pain-Relieving and Antidepressant Effects.

Persistent pain is a significant healthcare problem with limited treatment options. The high incidence of comorbid chronic pain and depression significantly reduces life quality and complicates the treatment of both conditions. Antidepressants are less effective for pain and depression than for depression alone and they induce severe side effects.

Multilayer depressive symptom networks in adults with bodily pain living in precarious housing or homelessness.

Housing insecurity is associated with co-occurring depression and pain interfering with daily activities. Network analysis of depressive symptoms along with associated risk or protective exposures may identify potential targets for intervention in patients with co-occurring bodily pain. In a community-based sample of adults (n = 408) living in precarious housing or homelessness in Vancouver, Canada, depressive symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory; bodily pain and impact were assessed with the 36-item Short Form Health Survey.

Rasch analysis of the beck depression inventory in a homeless and precariously housed sample.

The approach to analysis of and interpretation of findings from the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, depends on sample characteristics. To extend work using conventional BDI scoring, the BDI's suitability in assessing symptom severity in a homeless and precariously housed sample was examined using Rasch analysis. Participants (n=478) recruited from an impoverished neighbourhood in Vancouver, Canada, completed the BDI.

Reduction in Substance-Related Composite Harm Scores Through Street Soccer.

Introduction Street soccer makes the sport accessible to people affected by homelessness or precarious housing. There is overwhelming evidence that exercise improves physical and mental health. In addition, sport facilitates positive peer pressure that leads to beneficial life changes.

Developing prediction models for symptom severity around the time of discharge from a tertiary-care program for treatment-resistant psychosis.

Antipsychotics are the only therapeutic class indicated in the symptomatic management of psychotic disorders. However, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder may not always benefit from these first-line agents. This refractoriness to conventional treatment can be difficult to address in most clinical settings.

Movement disorders associated with substance use in adults living in precarious housing or homelessness.

Objective: Many individuals living in precarious housing or homelessness have multimorbid illnesses, including substance use, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. Movement disorders (MDs) associated substance use are amongst the poorly studied subtopics of drug-induced MDs. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to determine the proportion affected and severity of different signs of MDs, as well as their associations with substance use in a community-based sample of precariously housed and homeless individuals.

A scoping review of psychiatric conditions associated with chronic pain in the homeless and marginally housed population.

The present review sought to examine and summarise the unique experience of concurrent pain and psychiatric conditions, that is often neglected, within the population of homeless individuals. Furthermore, the review examined factors that work to aggravate pain and those that have been shown to improve pain management. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, psycINFO, and Web of Science) and the grey literature (Google Scholar) were searched.

Cannabis use preferences in women with myofascial pelvic pain: A cross-sectional study.

Objective: Myofascial tenderness is present in most chronic pelvic pain conditions and causes significant distress to patients. Treatment is challenging and often not curative. Cannabis is often used for self-management of chronic pelvic pain.

Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Findings of liver enzyme elevations in recent cannabidiol studies have raised concerns over liver safety. This study aimed to determine the association between cannabidiol use, liver enzyme elevation, and drug-induced liver injury (DILI).

Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a search of EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.

Using serial position effects to investigate memory dysfunction in homeless and precariously housed persons.

Homeless and precariously housed persons exhibit significant memory impairment, but the component processes underlying memory dysfunction have not been explored. We examined the serial position profile (i.e.

Differential age-associated brain atrophy and white matter changes among homeless and precariously housed individuals compared with the general population.

Background: Homeless or precariously housed individuals live with poor health and experience premature mortality compared with the general population, yet little is known about age-related brain changes among these individuals. We evaluated whether MRI measures of brain structure are differentially associated with age and selected risk factors among individuals who are homeless or precariously housed compared with a general population sample.

Methods: We compared T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging measures of brain macrostructure and white matter microstructure in a well-characterised sample of 312 precariously housed participants with a publicly available dataset of 382 participants recruited from the general population.

Factors Associated with Problematic Cannabis Use in a Sample of Medical Cannabis Dispensary Users.

Background: With the recent legalization of cannabis for medical purposes in many countries, there has been an increased number of individuals using such products. While there is considerable evidence indicating that cannabis may have therapeutic effects for a range of different conditions, concerns remain about the risk of developing cannabis use disorders for those at risk, or patients without appropriate clinical guidance. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of problematic cannabis use in a cohort of cannabis users who consumed the drug for medical purposes and to identify potential risk factors.

Differences in those who prefer smoking cannabis to other consumption forms for mental health: what can be learned to promote safer methods of consumption?

Smoking cannabis in medical users is associated with exposure to harmful toxins. It is important to characterize cannabis-use profiles and risk-factors for medical cannabis users who smoke cannabis. 100 members of a medical cannabis dispensary with mental health concerns were interviewed in detail about their cannabis use.

Risk factors for hippocampal cavities in a marginally housed population.

Cavities in the hippocampus are morphological variants of uncertain significance. Aberrant neurodevelopment along with vascular and inflammatory etiologies have been proposed. We sought to characterize these cavities and their potential risk factors in a marginally housed population, with high rates of viral infection, addiction, and mental illness.

Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity.

Background: There are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting side-effects. In the search for novel anti-obesity agents, drugs that modify central serotonergic systems have historically proven to be effective in promoting weight loss. Psilocin, which is rapidly metabolized from psilocybin, is an agonist at multiple serotonin receptors.

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for early psychosis: A comprehensive systematic review.

Aim: Long acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are an alternative to oral antipsychotic (OAP) treatment and may be beneficial for patients in the early stages of schizophrenia. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the efficacy of first-generation and second-generation LAI antipsychotics in recent-onset, first-episode, and early psychosis patients.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science Core databases were used to search for studies that used LAIs in early psychosis patients.

Pain, opioid use, depressive symptoms, and mortality in adults living in precarious housing or homelessness: a longitudinal prospective study.

Pain and related consequences could contribute to comorbid illness and premature mortality in homeless and precariously housed persons. We analyzed longitudinal data from an ongoing naturalistic prospective study of a community-based sample (n = 370) to characterize risk factors and consequences of bodily pain. The aims were to describe bodily pain and associations with symptoms and psychosocial function, investigate factors that may increase or ameliorate pain, and examine the consequences of pain for symptoms, functioning, and all-cause mortality.

Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Increases in Peripheral Catecholamines are Associated With Glucose Intolerance.

The second-generation antipsychotic drugs are widely used in the field of psychiatry, for an expanding number of different conditions. While their clinical efficacy remains indispensable, many of the drugs can cause severe metabolic side-effects, resulting in an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders. The physiological basis of these side-effects remains an ongoing area of investigation.