Examining the Relation Between Gender Nonconformity and Psychological Well-Being in Children: The Roles of Peers and Parents.

No study to date has simultaneously tested how poor peer relations, generic risk factors, and parental attitudes impact the behavioral and emotional challenges of children who vary in their gender expression. In a community sample, the present study investigated various hypothesized psychosocial and generic risk factors regarding the association between childhood gender nonconformity (GNC) and psychological well-being. Canadian parents/guardians reported on their children aged 6-12 years (N = 1719, 48.

Children's bias in appraisals of gender-variant peers.

Past research suggests that children have biased negative appraisals of gender-variant (GV) peers (i.e., peers who display behaviors/interests that do not align with gender stereotypes).

Separation anxiety and gender variance in a community sample of children.

In clinical child and retrospective adult samples, childhood gender variance (GV; i.e., cross-gender behaviour) has been associated with separation anxiety (SA; i.

Gender Variance and the Autism Spectrum: An Examination of Children Ages 6-12 Years.

Gender variance (GV) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently co-occur in clinical populations. We investigated GV in association with ASD characteristics in nonclinical children and in children with developmental/mental health diagnoses. In 6-12-year-olds (N = 2445; 51% birth-assigned boys), the Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children measured GV and the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire measured six subdomains of ASD characteristics.

Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Gender-Nonconforming Children: A Canadian Community-Based Study.

Objective: To examine childhood gender nonconformity (GNC) and psychological well-being in a community-based sample using measures that bridge clinical and nonclinical literature.

Method: Caregivers reported on the GNC (Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children [GIQC]) and behavioral and emotional problems (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) of their children aged 6 to 12 years (N = 1719, 48.8% boys).

Intense/obsessional interests in children with gender dysphoria: a cross-validation study using the Teacher's Report Form.

Objective: This study assessed whether children clinically referred for gender dysphoria (GD) show symptoms that overlap with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Circumscribed preoccupations/intense interests and repetitive behaviors were considered as overlapping symptoms expressed in both GD and ASD.

Methods: To assess these constructs, we examined Items 9 and 66 on the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), which measure obsessions and compulsions, respectively.

Separation anxiety among birth-assigned male children in a specialty gender identity service.

Previous research suggested that separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is overrepresented among birth-assigned male children clinic-referred for gender dysphoria (GD). The present study examined maternally reported separation anxiety of birth-assigned male children assessed in a specialty gender identity service (N = 360). SAD was determined in relation to DSM-III and DSM-IV criteria, respectively.