Methodology for the Review and Update of Nutrient Criteria Underpinning Front-of-Pack Labeling: Application to the Glycemic Index Symbol.

Background: Nutrient criteria underlying front-of-pack food labeling programs can play an important role in improving dietary intakes. Currently, no methodology for the development or update of nutrient criteria has been published, nor the methods used by food regulatory bodies. The scientific publication of methodology outlining the development and update of nutrient criteria underpinning front-of-pack food labeling programs highlighting healthier food choices is needed.

Dietary Glycaemic Index Labelling: A Global Perspective.

The glycaemic index (GI) is a food metric that ranks the acute impact of available (digestible) carbohydrates on blood glucose. At present, few countries regulate the inclusion of GI on food labels even though the information may assist consumers to manage blood glucose levels. Australia and New Zealand regulate GI claims as nutrition content claims and also recognize the GI Foundation's certified Low GI trademark as an endorsement.

Dietary Fibre Consensus from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC).

Dietary fibre is a generic term describing non-absorbed plant carbohydrates and small amounts of associated non-carbohydrate components. The main contributors of fibre to the diet are the cell walls of plant tissues, which are supramolecular polymer networks containing variable proportions of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, and non-carbohydrate components, such as lignin. Other contributors of fibre are the intracellular storage oligosaccharides, such as fructans.

Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations.

While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal.

Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Published meta-analyses indicate significant but inconsistent incident type-2 diabetes(T2D)-dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) risk ratios or risk relations (RR). It is nowover a decade ago that a published meta-analysis used a predefined standard to identify validstudies. Considering valid studies only, and using random effects dose-response meta-analysis(DRM) while withdrawing spurious results ( < 0.

The Decreasing Trend in Dietary Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load in Australian Children and Adolescents between 1995 and 2012.

This study aims to examine whether there were changes between 1995⁻2012 in the dietary glycaemic index (dGI) and glycaemic load (dGL) in Australian children (<16 years) according to three national surveys in 1995 (1995NS), 2007 (2007NS), and 2011⁻2012 (2012NS). Glycaemic index (GI) values of foods were assigned using published methodology. Plausible 24-h recall data from the 1995NS, 2007NS and 2012NS (weighted = 2475, 4373 and 1691 respectively) were compared for differences in dGI and dGL, and the contribution to dGL from different foods using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc comparisons and linear regression.

Changes in dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in Australian adults from 1995 to 2012.

Australians have used the glycemic index (GI) since 1995; however, there are no data on changes in carbohydrate quality over time. The aim was to compare average dietary GI and glycemic load (GL), and contributing carbohydrate foods, in the 2 most recent national dietary surveys. Dietary data from adult participants of national nutrition surveys conducted in 1995 (the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey; = 8703) and 2012 (the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey; = 6278), collected by a single 24-h recall, were analyzed.

Declining consumption of added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages in Australia: a challenge for obesity prevention.

Reduced intakes of added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been the main focus of efforts to stall obesity. Although obesity has risen steeply in Australia, some evidence suggests that added-sugars and SSB intakes have declined over the same time frame. We investigated recent trends in the availability of sugars and sweeteners and changes in intakes of total sugars, added sugars, and SSBs in Australia by using multiple, independent data sources.

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian adults - results from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey.

This study aimed to determine the major food groups contributing to dietary glycaemic load (GL). Plausible food intake data collected using a multiple-pass 24 hour recall from a weighted sample of 6326 adult respondents (52% male) of the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey dataset (AHS) were analysed. The GI of foods was estimated based on a previously published step-wise method.

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents: results from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey.

This study aimed to examine the dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of Australian children and adolescents, as well as the major food groups contributing to GL, in the recent 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey. Plausible food intake data from 1876 children and adolescents (51 % boys), collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall, were analysed. The GI of foods was assigned based on a step-wise published method using values from common GI databases.

Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Although carbohydrate counting is the recommended dietary strategy for achieving glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes, the advice is based on narrative review and grading of the available evidence. We aimed to assess by systematic review and meta-analysis the efficacy of carbohydrate counting on glycaemic control in adults and children with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: We screened and assessed randomised controlled trials of interventions longer than 3 months that compared carbohydrate counting with general or alternate dietary advice in adults and children with type 1 diabetes.

Trends in added sugar supply and consumption in Australia: there is an Australian Paradox.

In 2011, Barclay and Brand-Miller reported the observation that trends in refined sugar consumption in Australia were the inverse of trends in overweight and obesity (The Australian Paradox). Rikkers et al. claim that the Australian Paradox is based on incomplete data because the sources utilised did not incorporate estimates for imported processed foods.

Carbohydrate quality is not associated with liver enzyme activity and plasma TAG and HDL concentrations over 5 years in an older population.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Hence, carbohydrate quality could be of relevance to the risk of NAFLD, but prospective data are lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate longitudinal associations between carbohydrate quality (including dietary glycaemic index (GI) and intakes of sugar, starch and fibre) and markers of liver function in an older Australian population.

The Australian paradox: a substantial decline in sugars intake over the same timeframe that overweight and obesity have increased.

Ecological research from the USA has demonstrated a positive relationship between sugars consumption and prevalence of obesity; however, the relationship in other nations is not well described. The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in obesity and sugar consumption in Australia over the past 30 years and to compare and contrast obesity trends and sugar consumption patterns in Australia with the UK and USA. Data on consumption of sugar in Australia, the UK and USA were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization for the years 1980-2003.

Informing food choices and health outcomes by use of the dietary glycemic index.

Considerable epidemiologic evidence links consuming lower glycemic index (GI) diets with good health, particularly upon aging. The GI is a kinetic parameter that reflects the ability of carbohydrate (CHO) contained in consumed foods to raise blood glucose in vivo. Newer nutritional, clinical, and experimental data link intake of lower dietary GI foods to favorable outcomes of chronic diseases, and compel further examination of the record.

Carbohydrate nutrition and inflammatory disease mortality in older adults.

Background: Several studies suggest that carbohydrate nutrition is related to oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.

Objective: We examined whether dietary glycemic index (GI), dietary fiber, and carbohydrate-containing food groups were associated with the mortality attributable to noncardiovascular, noncancer inflammatory disease in an older Australian cohort.

Design: Analysis included 1490 postmenopausal women and 1245 men aged ge 49 y at baseline (1992-1994) from a population-based cohort who completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire.

Dietary glycemic index and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Background: Dietary factors are known risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) -- the leading cause of visual loss among persons aged > or =65 y. High-glycemic-index diets have been hypothesized as a risk factor for AMD, but prospective data are unavailable.

Objective: The objective was to examine the association between dietary glycemic index and the 10-y incidence of AMD in the Blue Mountain Eye Study population.

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: Inconsistent findings from observational studies have prolonged the controversy over the effects of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the risk of certain chronic diseases.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association between GI, GL, and chronic disease risk with the use of meta-analysis techniques.

Design: A systematic review of published reports identified a total of 37 prospective cohort studies of GI and GL and chronic disease risk.

Validity of carbohydrate, glycaemic index and glycaemic load data obtained using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.

Objective: To assess the ability of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to rank Australians according to their intake of total carbohydrate, sugar, starch, fibre, glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL).

Design: Cross-sectional sample from a population cohort.

Setting: Two postcode areas west of Sydney, Australia.

Macronutrient intake, glycaemic index and glycaemic load of older Australian subjects with and without diabetes: baseline data from the Blue Mountains Eye study.

Individuals with diabetes receive more nutrition advice than other population segments yet little is known about how well they comply or differ in nutrient intake from the rest of the population. The present study determined the mean macronutrient intake, glycaemic index (GI), and glycaemic load (GL) of a cohort of 3654 older Australians, with and without diabetes. Fasting pathology tests, including plasma glucose, were obtained for 88 % of the 3654 residents, and a 145-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was completed by 2900 residents (89 %) between 1992 and 1994.