Tribbles 2 (Trib2) is a novel regulator of toll-like receptor 5 signaling.

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by a variety of cells, including intestinal epithelia. However, the full spectrum of regulators modulating innate responses via TLRs has not been delineated. Tribbles (Trib) have been identified as a highly conserved family of kinase-like proteins.

DLGH1 is a negative regulator of T-lymphocyte proliferation.

Discs large homolog 1 (DLGH1), a founding member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family of proteins containing PostSynaptic Density-95/Discs large/Zona Occludens-1 domains, is an ortholog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene Discs large. In the mammalian embryo, DLGH1 is essential for normal urogenital morphogenesis and the development of skeletal and epithelial structures. Recent reports also indicate that DLGH1 may be a critical mediator of signals triggered by the antigen receptor complex in T lymphocytes by functioning as a scaffold coordinating the activities of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling proteins at the immune synapse.