A new molecular phylogeny of the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) and a review of key morphological characters result in a new genus, Coronaphycus, and a description of C. novus.

Within the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae), six genera have been recognized based on both molecular analyses and morphology: Laurencia, Osmundea, Chondrophycus, Palisada, Yuzurua, and Laurenciella. Recently, new material from Australia has been collected and included in the current molecular phylogeny, resulting in a new clade. This study examined the generic delineations using a combination of morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast (rbcL) nucleotide sequence.

In vivo isotopically labeled atherosclerotic aorta plaques in ApoE KO mice and molecular profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging.

Rationale: The ability to quantify rates of formation, regression and/or remodeling of atherosclerotic plaque should facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis and management of cardiovascular disease. In the current study, we coupled a stable isotope labeled tracer protocol with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to examine spatial and temporal lipid dynamics in atherosclerotic plaque.

Methods: To promote plaque formation in the aorta region, ApoE KO mice were fed a high cholesterol diet (0.

Identification of metabolites of ganoderic acid D by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Ganoderic acid D (GD) is the major active triterpenoid in Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal fungus used daily. However, the metabolic fate of GD remains unknown. To know whether GD is extensively metabolized, we first investigated the metabolism of GD in vitro and in vivo.

A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS PADINA (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM JAPAN, HAWAII, AND THE ANDAMAN SEA(1).

A taxonomic study of the genus Padina from Japan, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii based on morphology and gene sequence data (rbcL and cox3) resulted in the recognition of four new species, that is, Padina macrophylla and Padina ishigakiensis from Ryukyu Islands, Japan; Padina maroensis from Hawaii; and Padina usoehtunii from Myanmar and Thailand. All species are bistratose and morphologically different from one another as well as from any known taxa by a combination of characters relating to degree of calcification; the structure, position, and arrangement of hairlines (HLs) and reproductive sori; and the presence or absence of rhizoid-like groups of hairs and an indusium. Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a close relationship between P.

Investigation of isomeric transformations of chlorogenic acid in buffers and biological matrixes by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole/ion mobility/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole/ion mobility/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (oa-TOF) mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-MS) was used to study the isomeric transformations of trans-5-caffeoylquinic acid, an extremely active compound present in multiple vegetables, fruits, and beverages. The UPLC/oa-TOF MS results proved that in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), plasma, or urine sample, trans-5-caffeoylquinic acid first isomerizes to trans-4-caffeoylquinic acid and then to trans-3-caffeoylquinic acid by intramolecular acyl migration.

Effects of various bases on acid-catalyzed amination of 2-chloro-5-ethylpyrimidine: synthesis of PPARpan agonist GW693085.

A unique buffering effect of various bases, i-Pr(2)NEt and CaCO(3) in particular, was observed for the acid-catalyzed chloro displacement of 2-chloro-5-ethylpyrimidine with a 2-methyl-2-phenylpropanamine. The use of the carefully chosen bases was essential for the progression of the chloro displacement as well as the stability of the product in the presence of HCl formed. Research work leading to an efficient synthesis of PPARpan agonist GW693085 is described, featuring highly selective sequential N- and O-alkylations.

ABSENCE OF A LARGE BROWN MACROALGA ON URBANIZED ROCKY REEFS AROUND SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA, AND EVIDENCE FOR HISTORICAL DECLINE(1).

Loss of habitat-forming algae is increasingly prevalent in temperate marine ecosystems. Here, we document absence of an important habitat-forming macroalga, Phyllospora comosa (Labill.) C.

Asymmetric synthesis of an N-acylpyrrolidine for inhibition of HCV polymerase.

A practical asymmetric synthesis of a highly substituted N-acylpyrrolidine on multi-kilogram scale is described. The key step in the construction of the three stereocenters is a [3+2] cycloaddition of methyl acrylate and an imino ester prepared from l-leucine t-butyl ester hydrochloride and 2-thiazolecarboxaldehyde. The cycloaddition features novel asymmetric catalysis via a complex of silver acetate and a cinchona alkaloid, particularly hydroquinine, with complete diastereomeric control and up to 87% enantiomeric control.

Efficient synthesis of (3R,3aS,6aR)- hexahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-3-ol from glycolaldehyde.

A one-step diastereoselective (up to 98:2) synthesis of the bis-furan alcohol of Darunavir and other HIV drug candidates has been achieved utilizing the novel cyclization of glycolaldehyde and 2,3-dihydrofuran. The cycloaddition was catalyzed by a variety of catalysts including those formed from tin(II) triflate and common chiral ligands such as BINAP and Evans's box ligands. An efficient and unique enzymatic process enhanced the enantiomeric purity to provide the target in optically pure form.