Animal-microbe symbioses are often stable for millions of years. An example is the clade consisting of social corbiculate bees-honeybees, bumblebees, and stingless bees-in which a shared ancestor acquired specialized gut bacteria that subsequently diversified with hosts. This model may be incomplete, however, as few microbiomes have been characterized for stingless bees, which are diverse and ecologically dominant pollinators in the tropics.
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