CRISPRi-mediated functional analysis of lung disease-associated loci at non-coding regions.

Genome-wide association studies have identified lung disease-associated loci; however, the functions of such loci are not well understood in part because the majority of such loci are located at non-coding regions. Hi-C, ChIP-seq and eQTL data predict potential roles (e.g.

In harm's way: Unintentional firearm injuries in young children.

Purpose: Firearm-related trauma represents a major source of preventable injury and death. Many firearm injuries in young children are unintentional, and the true incidence may be underestimated. We sought to characterize the morbidity of unintentional firearm injuries.

Comparison of the Lund and Browder table to computed tomography scan three-dimensional surface area measurement for a pediatric cohort.

Background: Treating burns effectively requires accurately assessing the percentage of the total body surface area (%TBSA) affected by burns. Current methods for estimating %TBSA, such as Lund and Browder (L&B) tables, rely on historic body statistics. An increasingly obese population has been blamed for increasing errors in %TBSA estimates.

Validation of the age-adjusted shock index using pediatric trauma quality improvement program data.

Purpose: In adults, shock index (SI; heart rate/systolic blood pressure) >0.9 predicts injury severity and trauma outcomes. However, age-adjusted shock index (SIPA) out-performs SI in blunt trauma patients 4-16years old.

Pediatric aortoiliac injury following blunt abdominal trauma: A case report.

Introduction: The most common mechanism of aortic injury involves motor vehicle collisions resulting in aortic disruptions, occurring almost exclusively in the chest. Injury to the abdominal aorta following blunt trauma is nearly twenty times less likely to occur than the thoracic aorta. Because of the low incidence, there are few reports regarding the presentation and repair of these particular injuries, especially in the pediatric population.

Tracheal occlusion and ventilation changes the nitric oxide pathway in congenital diaphragmatic hernia model.

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Tracheal occlusion (TO) stimulates fetal lung growth and maturation and reverse vascular changes responsible for pulmonary hypertension, which are related to mechanisms involving nitric oxide (NO) in CDH. We aim to evaluate the effect of TO and ventilation on NO pathways.

Pleuropulmonary Blastoma in a Neonate Diagnosed Prenatally as Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma is an extremely rare lung neoplasm exclusive to children under 5 years of age. It presents a diagnostic challenge both prenatally and in early childhood due to its similarity to benign lung cysts, which are managed differently. We present the first case, to our knowledge, of a neonate with pleuropulmonary blastoma and myelomeningocele, though prenatally diagnosed as a congenital pulmonary airway malformation.

Differential patterns of prenatal ipsilateral and contralateral lung growth in cases of isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objective: The aim of this research was to compare the impact of varying degrees of visceral herniation on the growth rates of the contralateral and ipsilateral fetal lungs in cases of isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods: Data were retrieved from 58 fetuses with isolated left-sided CDH undergoing magnetic resonance imaging studies at both mid-gestation (20-30 weeks) and late-gestation (>30 weeks) time points. The growth of the right and left lungs (ΔLV-R and ΔLV-L) was calculated.

Predictors of poor prognosis in prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: A multiinstitutional review.

Introduction: Attempts at defining predictors of poor outcome in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) have been hampered by small patient numbers. We sought to validate the utility of tumor volume to fetal weight ratio (TFR) as a predictor of poor prognosis and to identify other morphological outcome predictors in a multicenter series.

Methods: Records of prenatally diagnosed SCT at three fetal centers from 1986 to 2011 were reviewed.

Fetal MRI of Torsed Bronchopulmonary Sequestration with Tension Hydrothorax and Hydrops in a Twin Gestation.

While bronchopulmonary sequestration typically has a benign course, this congenital lung malformation has a high mortality rate when associated with untreated in utero tension hydrothorax and hydrops. Hydrops related to bronchopulmonary sequestration is believed to result from torsion of the mass with compromise of the associated blood supply. The impaired venous return of the mass then leads to tension hydrothorax with compression of the heart and mediastinal vessels, impairing global venous return.

Fetal lung growth represented by longitudinal changes in MRI-derived fetal lung volume parameters predicts survival in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate fetal lung growth rate for isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) using serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based volumetric measures.

Methods: Early and late gestational (22-30 and >30 weeks' gestation) lung volumetry was obtained by fetal MRI in 47 cases of isolated left-sided CDH. At both of these time points, lung volume indices, including total lung volume (TLV), observed to expected TLV (o/e TLV), and percentage of predicted lung volume (PPLV) as well as their change rates (Δ) and relative Δ during gestation were calculated and analyzed in regard to their capacity to predict neonatal survival.

Expanded intrathoracic space in fetal cases of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia contributes to disparity between percent predicted lung volume and observed to expected total lung volume.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether fetal lung volume and visceral herniation are associated with changes in intrathoracic space in congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH).

Methods: We retrospectively examined the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging-derived measurements of intrathoracic space [predicted lung volume (PLV)] and residual lung volume or visceral herniation among isolated left-sided CDH fetuses.

Results: Data from fetal magnetic resonance imaging studies of 60 isolated left-sided CDH cases were analyzed.

Altered amniotic fluid leptin levels in twin-twin transfusion syndrome with concurrent placental insufficiency.

Objective: To measure amniotic fluid leptin levels in fetuses with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) with and without placental insufficiency (PI) and determine its usefulness as a biomarker of PI.

Study Design: A retrospective case control study of TTTS stage III patients from 2009 to 2011 was conducted. Cases were pregnancies with PI (TTTS-PI, n = 18) matched by stage, gestational age, and degree of cardiomyopathy to controls without PI (TTTS, n = 26).

Giant chorioangiomas: perinatal outcomes and techniques in fetoscopic devascularization.

Objective: To evaluate the intrauterine management and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated by giant placental chorioangioma (>4 cm) and elaborate on various devascularization techniques.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of 10 cases of giant placental chorioangioma evaluated between January 2005 and August 2012. Maternal demographics, prenatal imaging, response to fetoscopic treatment, obstetrical complications, and perinatal outcomes were evaluated.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Infantile Myofibroma with Postnatal Imaging Correlation.

Infantile myofibroma is the most common fibrous tumor in infancy. A majority of these lesions are solitary and occur in the head and neck region. Unless visceral sites are involved, the clinical course is typically benign.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma growth rate predicts adverse outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the growth rate of sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCTs) and determine its relationship to adverse outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective review of all pathology-confirmed isolated SCT patients evaluated with at least two documented ultrasounds and followed through hospital discharge between 2005 and 2012 was conducted. SCT growth rate was calculated as the difference between tumor volumes on a late- and early-gestation ultrasound divided by the difference in time.

Prenatal solid tumor volume index: novel prenatal predictor of adverse outcome in sacrococcygeal teratoma.

Background: Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common neonatal tumor. Fetuses with large tumors may develop hydrops from a high cardiac output state (HCOS) and progress rapidly to fetal demise. We postulate that the prenatal solid tumor volume index (STVI), or the ratio of solid tumor volume to the estimated fetal weight (EFW), has greater impact than the total tumor volume in outcome prediction.

Tracheal agenesis with tracheoesophageal fistulae: fetal MRI diagnosis with confirmation by ultrasound during an ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) delivery and postdelivery MRI.

Tracheal agenesis is a rare and essentially lethal anomaly with divergent prenatal imaging findings depending on the presence or absence of a tracheoesophageal fistula. All prenatally diagnosed cases of tracheal agenesis reported to date have not had a tracheoesophageal fistula and presented with thoracoabdominal findings similar to congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. We present the case of a 32-week gestation fetus with rapid onset of polyhydramnios and no persistent findings of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome that was ultimately diagnosed with tracheal agenesis plus tracheoesophageal fistula by fetal MRI.

Cooking-related pediatric burns: risk factors and the role of differential cooling rates among commonly implicated substances.

Cooking-related injuries are a common problem worldwide, resulting in more pediatric burns than any other cause. We identified risk factors-associated mechanisms and determined cooling curves for common substances. A retrospective review of children admitted to a Level I burn center between 2001 and 2006 was performed.