Diversity of the type VI secretion systems in the spp.

Complete Type VI Secretion Systems were identified in the genome sequence data of isolates sourced from throat swabs of human volunteers. The previous report was the first to describe two complete Type VI Secretion Systems in these isolates, both of which were distinct in terms of their gene organization and sequence homology. Since publication of the first report, Type VI Secretion System subtypes have been identified in spp.

Virulence genes and previously unexplored gene clusters in four commensal spp. isolated from the human throat expand the neisserial gene repertoire.

Commensal non-pathogenic spp. live within the human host alongside the pathogenic and and due to natural competence, horizontal gene transfer within the genus is possible and has been observed. Four distinct spp.

Mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in sub-lethal concentrations of monocaprin do not confer resistance.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, due to its short lipooligosaccharide structure, is generally more sensitive to the antimicrobial effects of some fatty acids than most other Gram negative bacteria. This supports recent development of a fatty acid-based potential treatment for gonococcal infections, particularly ophthalmia neonatorum. The N.

Phase variable DNA repeats in influence transcription, translation, and protein sequence variation.

There are many types of repeated DNA sequences in the genomes of the species of the genus , from homopolymeric tracts to tandem repeats of hundreds of bases. Some of these have roles in the phase-variable expression of genes. When a repeat mediates phase variation, reversible switching between tract lengths occurs, which in the species of the genus most often causes the gene to switch between on and off states through frame shifting of the open reading frame.

Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities as the source of inhomogeneous mixing in nova explosions.

Classical novae are thermonuclear explosions in binary stellar systems containing a white dwarf accreting material from a close companion star. They repeatedly eject 10(-4)-10(-5) solar masses of nucleosynthetically enriched gas into the interstellar medium, recurring on intervals of decades to tens of millennia. They are probably the main sources of Galactic (15)N, (17)O and (13)C.