Associations between sex, systemic iron and inflammatory status and subcortical brain iron.

Brain iron increases in several neurodegenerative diseases are associated with disease progression. However, the causes of increased brain iron remain unclear. This study investigates relationships between subcortical iron, systemic iron and inflammatory status.

Adolescent girls in aquaculture ecozones at risk of nutrient deficiency in Bangladesh development and validation of an integrated metric.

Background: This study developed and validated an integrated metric that enhances understanding of linkages between agro-ecological and socio-economic factors that are important for explaining nutritional wellbeing in relation to fish consumption; especially among adolescent girls who are at risk of nutritional deficiency in Bangladesh. Currently, there is no metric that takes account of environmental, cultural and economic contexts when considering fish consumption and dietary health from a policy perspective.

Methods: The study was designed as a bi-seasonal survey, repeated in the same population of adolescent girls recruited during the dry and wet seasons.

Linkages of agroecosystems producing farmed seafood on food security, nutritional status and adolescent health in Bangladesh.

This narrative review aims to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on actors that link global aquatic food production systems with fish consumption and nutritional status, with a special focus on adolescent girls in Bangladesh. The writing of this narrative perspective was undertaken within the framework of the Aquatic Food for Health and Nutrition (AQN) project that aimed to develop a metric for assessing the impacts on nutrition and health of agroecosystems producing farmed seafood. Previous studies evaluating links between agricultural ecosystems, aquaculture, food security and human health have systemically ignored the importance of diet and nutrition.

The nutritional and cardiovascular health benefits of rapeseed oil-fed farmed salmon in humans are not decreased compared with those of traditionally farmed salmon: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: Farmed fish are increasingly raised on feeds containing vegetable oils, which affects their composition and possibly health properties. We investigated the effects of consuming farmed salmon, raised on different feeding regimes, on nutrient status and health outcomes in healthy subjects.

Methods: Salmon were grown on feeds containing mainly fish oil (FO) or rapeseed oil (RO), resulting in an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of fillets of 2.

Anticancer effects of n-3 EPA and DHA and their endocannabinoid derivatives on breast cancer cell growth and invasion.

The anticancer effects of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), EPA and DHA may be due, at least in part, to conversion to their respective endocannabinoid derivatives, eicosapentaenoyl-ethanolamine (EPEA) and docosahexaenoyl-ethanolamine (DHEA). Here, the effects of EPEA and DHEA and their parent compounds, EPA and DHA, on breast cancer (BC) cell function was examined. EPEA and DHEA exhibited greater anti-cancer effects than EPA and DHA in two BC cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) whilst displaying no effect in non-malignant breast cells (MCF-10a).

Phenotypic and genetic analysis of milk and serum element concentrations in dairy cows.

Enhancing micronutrient (i.e., mineral and vitamin) concentrations within milk and serum from dairy cows is important for both the health of the cow and the nutritive value of the milk for human consumption.

Linking agroecosystems producing farmed seafood with food security and health status to better address the nutritional challenges in Bangladesh.

Objective: Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in many low-income and food-deficit countries with aquatic ecozones. Yet its specific impact on nutrition and livelihood in local communities, where commercial and/or export-orientated aquaculture activities are developed, is largely unknown.

Design: The present narrative and argumentative review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the connections between aquaculture agroecosystems, local and national fish production, fish consumption patterns and nutrition and health outcomes.

Regular crabmeat consumers do not show increased urinary cadmium or beta-2-microglobulin levels compared to non-crabmeat consumers.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that can be relatively high in brown meat from crab and there is concern that it may accumulate in long-term crabmeat consumers posing a health risk. Sixteen healthy habitual crabmeat consumers and twenty five healthy non-crabmeat consumers were recruited through completion of a seafood frequency questionnaire. Whole blood and urine samples were analysed for Cd levels and urinary beta-2-microglobulin, an established marker of Cd-induced kidney toxicity, to determine levels in crabmeat consumers.

Genetic variants in selenoprotein genes modulate biomarkers of selenium status in response to Brazil nut supplementation (the SU.BRA.NUT study).

Background: The beneficial effects of selenium (Se) to human health are exerted by selenoproteins, which can be quantified in blood and used as biomarkers of Se status. Different responses of Se biomarkers after supplementation with selenomethionine and sodium selenite have been observed and some of them could be due to genetic polymorphisms, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Brazil nuts are known to be the richest natural source of Se.

The potential impact of compositional changes in farmed fish on its health-giving properties: is it time to reconsider current dietary recommendations?

Assessment of national dietary guidelines in a number of European countries reveals that some are based on cohort studies, focusing on total seafood consumption, while others are based on the content of EPA and DHA, distinguishing between oily and other fish. The mean actual intake of fish in most countries is around or below the recommended intake, with differences in intake of fish being present between sex and age groups. Many people do not reach the national recommendation for total fish intake.

Differences in expenditure and amounts of fresh foods, fruits and vegetables, and fish purchased in urban and rural Scotland.

Objective: To quantitatively analyse expenditure on all fresh foods, fruits and vegetables (F&V) and fish across urban and rural households in Scotland. Fresh foods were chosen since, in general, they are perceived to contribute more to health than processed foods.

Design: Descriptive analysis of purchase data of all foods brought into the home during 2012 from the Kantar Worldpanel database.

Platelet-derived microparticle count and surface molecule expression differ between subjects with and without type 2 diabetes, independently of obesity status.

This study investigated the impact of either type 2 diabetes or obesity, separately or in combination, on the absolute amounts of microparticles (MP) and the pathways by which these are associated with either condition. The concentrations of circulating MP derived from platelets (PMP), leukocytes (LMP) and monocytes (MMP), together with their specific activation markers, were compared in 30 subjects who were characterised across 4 cohorts as obese or type 2 diabetes. The subjects with type 2 diabetes had elevated concentrations of total PMP (P = 0.

The single-nucleotide polymorphism (GPX4c718t) in the glutathione peroxidase 4 gene influences endothelial cell function: interaction with selenium and fatty acids.

Scope: Selenium (Se) is incorporated into selenoproteins as selenocysteine, which requires structures in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of selenoprotein mRNAs. The functional consequences of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the 3'-UTR of the selenoprotein GPX4 gene (GPX4c718t) was assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monocytes from human volunteers.

Methods And Results: HUVEC and monocytes homozygous for the T- or C-variant of the GPX4c718t SNP were assessed for monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, expression of VCAM-1 and sensitivity to oxidative challenge.

A T/C polymorphism in the GPX4 3'UTR affects the selenoprotein expression pattern and cell viability in transfected Caco-2 cells.

Background: Synthesis of selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx) requires a specific tRNA and a stem-loop structure in the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of the mRNA. A common single nucleotide polymorphism occurs in the GPX4 gene in a region corresponding to the 3'UTR.

Methods: The two variant 3'UTR sequences were linked to sequences from a selenoprotein reporter gene (iodothyronine deiodinase) and expressed in Caco-2 cells.

Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid plus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid increases food intake and brown adipose tissue in rats.

The effect of supplementation with 1% conjugated linoleic acid and 1% n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (CLA/n-3) was assessed in rats. Food intake increased with no difference in body weights. White adipose tissue weights were reduced whereas brown adipose tissue and uncoupling protein-1 expression were increased.

Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin.

This study aimed to determine the effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) plus n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) on body composition, adiposity, and hormone levels in young and older, lean and obese men. Young (31.4+/-3.

Clenbuterol increases muscle fiber size and GATA-2 protein in rat skeletal muscle in utero.

Certain beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists, such as clenbuterol, are known to elicit a muscle-specific anabolism or hypertrophy in both normal and catabolic muscle in a wide variety of species. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of the beta(2)-agonist-induced anabolism remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of clenbuterol administration in utero on skeletal muscle and to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Cytokine-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells involves platelet-activating factor: suppression by conjugated linoleic acid.

Monocyte-endothelium interaction is key to many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. We have investigated the factors regulating monocyte attachment to cytokine-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the modulatory effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in this process. Both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta induced HUVEC platelet-activating factor (PAF) production and PAF was required for subsequent firm THP-1 monocyte adhesion since it was inhibited by both PAF receptor antagonists (BN-52021 or CV-6209) and a PAF synthesis inhibitor (sanguinarine).

Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in human prostate cancer cells by the cis-9, trans-11 but not the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid.

Background: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) have anti-tumorigenic properties in animal models and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. Previous studies have shown that the NF-kappaB pathway is involved regulating anti-apoptotic gene expression. The present study investigated the effects of CLAs (cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 isomers and a 50:50 mixture) on apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation in LNCaP cells.

Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and modulates protein kinase C isoforms in human prostate cancer cells.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The disease etiology is poorly understood, but diet and lifestyle are contributory factors. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), naturally occurring fatty acids in ruminant food products, have antitumor properties in animal models of cancer and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro.

Regulation of selenoprotein GPx4 expression and activity in human endothelial cells by fatty acids, cytokines and antioxidants.

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) is the only antioxidant enzyme known to directly reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides within membranes and lipoproteins, acting in conjunction with alpha-tocopherol to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Peroxidation of lipids has been implicated in a number of pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and atherogenesis. We investigated the relative positive and negative effects of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory cytokines on the activity and gene expression of the selenium-dependant redox enzyme GPx4.