Unravelling the Role of P300 and TMPRSS2 in Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in men, and it contributes significantly to the increased mortality rate in men worldwide. This study aimed to review the roles of p300 and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2) in the AR (androgen receptor) pathway as they are closely related to the development and progression of prostate cancer. This paper represents a library-based study conducted by selecting the most suitable, up-to-date scientific published articles from online journals.

Proteomic Analysis of Prostate Cancer FFPE Samples Reveals Markers of Disease Progression and Aggressiveness.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Diagnosis and risk assessment are widely based on serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and biopsy, which might not represent the exact degree of PCa risk. Towards the discovery of biomarkers for better patient stratification, we performed proteomic analysis of Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) prostate tissue specimens using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Prediction of post radical nephrectomy complications based on patient comorbidity preoperatively.

Objectives: Comorbidity along with tumor and patient characteristics is taken into account when deciding for the surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Comorbidity has also been used as an independent predictive factor for postoperative complications of several major urological procedures including radical nephrectomy for RCC. The aim of the present study was to objectively evaluate the association between comorbidity and postoperative complications after radical nephrectomy for RCC, using standardized systems to grade both comorbidity and severity of postoperative complications.

Risk for Venous Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Advanced Urinary Tract Cancer Treated With First-Line Chemotherapy.

Background: Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) frequently occur in cancer patients. Risk assessment models (RAMs) for cancer-associated thrombosis have been proposed. However, advanced urinary tract cancer (aUTC) was not adequately represented in these models.

Detecting Novel Urine Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BB as a Possible New Target.

Introduction: Although the prostate specific antigen revolutionized the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), it has its limitations. We prospectively examined the potential use of the platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) as a urine biomarker for the early diagnosis of PCa.

Materials And Methods: The urine samples of 118 patients were collected after a prostatic massage and all the patients subsequently underwent ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy.

Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase as possible novel urine biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The goal of the study is to examine the possible use of HA (hyaluronic acid) and HAase (hyaluronidase) as novel urine biomarkers for the early diagnosis for prostate cancer (Pca). After a prostatic massage, the urine of 118 high-risk patients for Pca was collected, and the patients were submitted to ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy. HA and HAase were detected and analyzed with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and a statistical analysis of the urine levels of the two biomarkers according to the histology results was performed.

Role of coagulation factors in urological malignancy: A prospective, controlled study on prostate, renal and bladder cancer.

Objectives: To study the behavior of specific coagulation factors in different types of non-metastatic urological cancers, and to identify their possible role as diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Methods: This was a prospective controlled study, which included three cancer patient groups and a control group of healthy individuals. The cancer subgroups consisted of renal (n = 44), prostate (n = 56) and bladder cancer (n = 47).

Downregulated KLK13 expression in bladder cancer highlights tumor aggressiveness and unfavorable patients' prognosis.

Purpose: Despite recent research advantages on the molecular and subcellular background, bladder cancer (BlCa) remains a clinically neglected malignancy. This is strongly reflected by the generic approach of disease diagnosis and management. Additionally, patients' prognosis became a rather demanding task due to the great disease heterogeneity.

In the search of novel urine biomarkers for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Intracellular or secreted proteins as the target group? Where and how to search for possible biomarkers useful in the everyday clinical practice.

Objective: To search which category of proteins can be detected in urine in order to examine subsequently its ability to improve our accuracy for the diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (PCa) as biomarkers in clinical useful fluids like urine and serum. Material and method(s): Urine samples of 127 patients were obtained after a vigorous transrectal prostatic massage to both lobes. The patients were considered to have a high risk for PCa according to their PSA (> 4 ng/ml), their digital rectal examination (DRE) (positive for suspicious prostatic lesions) or to their abnormal PSA kinetics (PSA velocity (PSAV > 0.

Expression and prognostic significance of VEGF and mTOR pathway proteins in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: a prognostic immunohistochemical profile for kidney cancer patients.

Purpose: To identify prognostic molecular profiles in patients with mRCC treated with sunitinib, we performed immunohistochemical analysis for VEGF and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components.

Methods: The immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, p85α, p110γ, PTEN, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1 and p-p70S6K was studied in 79 patients with mRCC who received first-line treatment with sunitinib. Expression was correlated with clinicopathological features and survival.

Castrati singers: surgery for religion and art.

The act of castration was practiced from ancient times. In countries of Middle and Far East, castration was often done to provide eunuchs as guardians of the harems. In Europe and especially in Italy, it was carried out to preserve the male voice unbroken into adult life.

Metastasis to sartorius muscle from a muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer constitutes the ninth most common cancer worldwide and approximately only 30% of cases are muscle invasive at initial diagnosis. Regional lymph nodes, bones, lung, and liver are the most common metastases from bladder cancer and generally from genitourinary malignancies. Muscles constitute a rare site of metastases from distant primary lesions even though they represent 50% of total body mass and receive a large blood flow.

Radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy to two patients with pelvic kidney: surgical pitfalls and considerations.

Our goal is to describe our experience in the difficulties encountered during radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer in patients with contemporary pelvic kidney. Two patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer and contemporary pelvic kidney were subjected to radical cystectomy and extended lymphadenectomy with conversion to an ileal pouch. In both cases, lymphadenectomy was the first step after entering the true pelvis.

Zinc α2-glycoprotein as a potential novel urine biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Unlabelled: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The use of biomarkers to detect a cancer early, especially prostate cancer, is not a new idea and PSA has been proved to be the best biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Since the introduction and wide use of PSA various efforts have been made to find novel biomarkers in both serum and urine of individuals at high risk for prostate cancer. The best example of a biomarker detected in the urine after a vigorous digital rectal examination is PCA3, which is used mainly in the subgroup of patients with PSA 4-10 ng/mL whose prostate biopsy was repeatedly negative for prostate cancer in order to decide the performance or not of a new biopsy.

Implementation and external validation of Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) score for predicting complications in 74 consecutive partial nephrectomies.

Unlabelled: Study Type - Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the gold standard operation for small renal tumours. The decision for or against a PN has been based mostly on preoperative radiological evaluation of the tumour. Three nephrometry scoring systems have been recently proposed for prediction of postoperative complications of PN (RENAL, C-index and PADUA).

Time to castration resistance is an independent predictor of castration-resistant prostate cancer survival.

Background/aim: Easily assessable clinical predictors of response to chemotherapy in advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are few. The objective of this retrospective study was to search for and identify such candidate predictors of outcome.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data of CRPC patients entered in the Clinical Therapeutics' departmental prostate cancer database from 1996-2009 was performed.

Intermittent docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Objectives: To determine whether intermittent docetaxel might control disease while limiting the toxicity and improving the quality-of-life parameters in patients with advanced, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Intermittent docetaxel represents an appealing therapeutic approach.

Methods: We reviewed the records of 35 patients with chemotherapy-naive castrate-resistant prostate cancer who had received docetaxel 45 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks, with oral prednisone 5 mg twice daily.

Prognostic and predictive factors in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer treated with docetaxel and estramustine: a single institution experience.

Objectives: To investigate potential prognostic and predictive factors in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) treated with docetaxel chemotherapy.

Methods: This analysis included 94 consecutive AIPC patients who were treated between March 2001 and May 2006 with biweekly docetaxel 45 mg/m(2) (day 2) and estramustine 140 mg three dimes daily (days 1-3).

Results: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) responses were observed in 45 of 84 evaluable patients (53%), whereas objective responses were observed in 16 of 40 patients with measurable disease (40%).

Local anesthesia during transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy: does it have any effect on sexual function?

Introduction: TRUS (Trans Rectal Ultra Sonographic)-guided biopsy of the prostate is the procedure of choice for prostate cancer diagnosis in urological clinical practice. TRUS-guided biopsies are associated with pain and anxiety and may interfere with sexual function and potency. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether local anesthesia during TRUS-guided prostate biopsies has any effect on the sexual behavior of patients and to compare the periprostatic infiltration with lidocaine to simple sonographic gel application in a randomized prospective trial.

Efficacy of tolterodine in preventing urge incontinence immediately after prostatectomy.

Purpose: Urgency and urge incontinence are frequently observed after prostatectomy. Although symptoms ameliorate within a relatively short time, they usually cause significant stress and anxiety to the patient as far as their duration is concerned. Aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of tolterodine in preventing urgency and urge incontinence after catheter removal in patients that underwent prostatectomy for benign prostate hyperplasia.

Methotrexate-paclitaxel-epirubicin-carboplatin (M-TEC) combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: an open label phase II study.

The present phase II study aimed to define the application of a novel regimen incorporating methotrexate, paclitaxel, epirubicin, and carboplatin (M-TEC) in advanced bladder cancer, essentially as an M-VAC-like regimen, by substitution of cisplatin by carboplatin, doxorubicin by epirubicin and vinblastine by paclitaxel. Forty patients with advanced bladder cancer entered the study; 34 males/6 females, median age: 68 (range, 59-76), median PS (Karnovsky): 80, without receiving prior chemotherapy. Disease extention was as follows; 11/40 had local recurrence, 6/40 liver metastases, 14/40 lung metastases, bone and lymph node 8/40, bones-lymph node-lung metastases 4, lymph node and liver 4/40, lymph node-liver and lung metastases 2/40.

Transitional cell carcinoma of ureteral stump after radical nephrectomy in a patient with a history of bladder carcinoma.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of ureteral stump after radical nephrectomy is rare. Following nephrectomy patients with a prior history of bladder cancer must have their ureteral stumps evaluated. Furthermore, the presence of hematuria should alert the urologist to a possible TCC in the ureteral stump.

Familial female and male germ cell cancer. A new syndrome?

Background: A small percentage of germ cell tumors is known to be familial. There are several reports describing familial cases of testicular germ cell tumors; however, there are only a few of them reporting germ cell tumors that occurred in both males and females of the same family.

Case: We present a family with three children, two females and one male, previously healthy, who all developed germ cell malignancies.

Morphologic findings and blood flow parameters of penile vasculature in patients with erectile dysfunction.

The objective was to study the risk factors in patients with erectile dysfunction in correlation with ultrasound findings of penile vasculature. Patients with erectile dysfunction were classified in four groups according to their risk factors. Group A (37 pts) who were heavy smokers, group B (40 pts) who suffered from diabetes mellitus, group C (30 pts) who suffered from hyperlipidemia and group D (40 pts) with no risk factors.