Imaging, biopsy and non-surgical treatment of thyroid lesions: where are we at?

• Ultrasound is the prevalent modality for assessment of the thyroid and biopsy guidance of lesions. • The various TI-RADS classifications provide scoring systems which help indicate the likelihood of malignancy. • Ongoing research helps to improve the characterisation of nodules, biopsy techniques and non-surgical treatment methods.

The fate of porous hydroxyapatite granules used in facial skeletal augmentation.

Facial appearance is largely determined by the morphology of the underlying skeleton. Hydroxyapatite is one of several materials available to enhance projection of the facial skeleton. This study evaluated the long-term maintenance of augmented bony projection when porous hydroxyapatite granules are used on the facial skeleton.

Unusual clinical manifestations of the Nutcracker Syndrome.

The Nutcracker Syndrome, caused by compression of the left renal vein as it passes in a tight angle between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, usually presents with unexplained haematuria localized to the left ureteric orifice. We report on a series of cases where compression of the left renal vein caused prominent left-gonadal-vein reflux, which in turn resulted in lower-limb varices and varicocele formation.