Imaging, biopsy and non-surgical treatment of thyroid lesions: where are we at?

• Ultrasound is the prevalent modality for assessment of the thyroid and biopsy guidance of lesions. • The various TI-RADS classifications provide scoring systems which help indicate the likelihood of malignancy. • Ongoing research helps to improve the characterisation of nodules, biopsy techniques and non-surgical treatment methods.

PSMA-PET guided hook-wire localization of nodal metastases in prostate cancer: a targeted approach.

Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PSMA-PET/CT) has increased the sensitivity and specificity of imaging to identify metastatic prostate cancer in the group of patients with early biochemical recurrence when compared to conventional imaging. In patients who develop biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer following surgical resection, salvage lymph node dissection may reduce prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and delay the time for commencement of systemic therapies. However, PLND may be an anatomically and technically difficult procedure, particularly with small metastatic diseases which can be problematic for intra-operative identification.

The fate of porous hydroxyapatite granules used in facial skeletal augmentation.

Facial appearance is largely determined by the morphology of the underlying skeleton. Hydroxyapatite is one of several materials available to enhance projection of the facial skeleton. This study evaluated the long-term maintenance of augmented bony projection when porous hydroxyapatite granules are used on the facial skeleton.

Dynamic arteries of the hand.

Background: We investigated the previously undescribed phenomenon of ulnar artery occlusion on clenching to make a fist, following the presentation of a patient to our unit with idiopathic ulnar-sided hand pain. This led us to study this unusual finding in a cohort of asymptomatic patients.

Methods: Ninety-one radial and ulnar arteries were studied in 23 volunteers by color duplex ultrasonography.

Unusual clinical manifestations of the Nutcracker Syndrome.

The Nutcracker Syndrome, caused by compression of the left renal vein as it passes in a tight angle between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, usually presents with unexplained haematuria localized to the left ureteric orifice. We report on a series of cases where compression of the left renal vein caused prominent left-gonadal-vein reflux, which in turn resulted in lower-limb varices and varicocele formation.