Nigella sativa monophosphoryl lipid A nanoliposome: a promising antibiotic alternative and immunomodulator to control virulent pandemic drug-resistant Salmonella pullorum infection in broiler chicks.

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum, the causative agent of pullorum disease, is one cause of the economic losses in the global poultry industry. Vaccination and antibiotics are still the most effective methods of controlling Salmonella, even though the vaccine contains the causative agent, and the antibiotic therapy has limited efficacy. We provide a novel immunostimulator and antibiotic substitute to protect against and avoid Salmonella pullorum (SP) infection.