Neurotherapeutic effects of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles and Biochanin-A extracted from Trifolium alexandrinum on PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling in the cerebral cortex of male diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe metabolic disease that can have significant consequences for cognitive health. Bioflavonoids such as Trifolium alexandrinum (TA), quercetin (Q), and Biochanin-A (BCA) are known to exert a wide range of pharmacological functions including antihyperglycemic activity. This study aimed to investigate the neurotherapeutic effects of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles (Q-LNP) and BCA extracted from TA against diabetes-induced cerebral cortical damage through modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and AMPK signaling pathways.