Adapter proteins CRK and CRKL participate in a variety of signaling pathways, including cell adhesion, and fate regulation of mammalian cells. However, the molecular functions of CRK/CRKL in epigenetic regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a pipeline to evaluate cell morphology using high-content image analysis combined with chemical screening of kinase and epigenetic modulators.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFand () encode adapter proteins with similar biochemical properties. Here, we show that a 50% reduction of the family-combined dosage generates developmental defects, including aspects of DiGeorge/del22q11 syndrome in mice. Like the mouse homologs of two 22q11.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe spectrum of congenital anomalies affecting either the upper tract (kidneys and ureters) or lower tract (reproductive organs) of the genitourinary (GU) system are fundamentally linked by the developmental origin of multiple GU tissues, including the kidneys, gonads, and reproductive ductal systems: the intermediate mesoderm. Although ∼31% of DiGeorge/del22q11.2 syndrome patients exhibit GU defects, little focus has been placed on the molecular etiology of GU defects in this syndrome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The DiGeorge syndrome, the most common of the microdeletion syndromes, affects multiple organs, including the heart, the nervous system, and the kidney. It is caused by deletions on chromosome 22q11.2; the genetic driver of the kidney defects is unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCRK and CRKL adapter proteins play essential roles in development and cancer through their SRC homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains. To gain insight into the origin of their shared functions, we have investigated their evolutionary history. We propose a term, crk/crkl ancestral (crka), for orthologs in invertebrates before the divergence of CRK and CRKL in the vertebrate ancestor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMAP kinase (MAPK) signaling results from activation of Raf kinases in response to external or internal stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) regulates the activation of MAPK when B-Raf signaling is defective. We used multiple models including mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and primary keratinocytes from RKIP- or Raf-deficient mice as well as allografts in mice to investigate the mechanism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCRKL (CRK-like) is an adapter protein predominantly phosphorylated in cells that express the tyrosine kinase p210(BCR-ABL), the fusion product of a (9;22) chromosomal translocation causative for chronic myeloid leukemia. It has been unclear, however, whether CRKL plays a functional role in p210(BCR-ABL) transformation. Here, we show that CRKL is required for p210(BCR-ABL) to support interleukin-3-independent growth of myeloid progenitor cells and long-term outgrowth of B-lymphoid cells from fetal liver-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP, also PEBP1), a member of the Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein family, negatively regulates growth factor signaling by the Raf/MAP kinase pathway. Since an organic compound, locostatin, was reported to bind RKIP and inhibit cell migration by a Raf-dependent mechanism, we addressed the role of RKIP in locostatin function.
Methods/findings: We analyzed locostatin interaction with RKIP and examined the biological consequences of locostatin binding on RKIP function.
The adapter protein CRKL is required for the normal development of multiple tissues that rely on fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). The precise role of CRKL in receptor signaling has been unclear, however. To address this issue, we first modeled the three-dimensional structure of CRKL by molecular dynamics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExpert Opin Ther Targets
October 2008
Background: Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) family that is expressed in both prokaryotic and euakaryotic organisms.
Objective: In this review, we discuss the role of RKIP as a modulator of signal transduction, the relationship of RKIP to other members of the PEBP family, and the role of RKIP in human health and disease.
Results/conclusion: In mammals, RKIP regulates activation of MAPK, NF-kappaB and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
The oncoprotein c-Jun is a component of the activator protein-1 transcription factor complex, which is involved in cellular proliferation, transformation, and death. The stabilization of c-Jun is critically important for its function. The phosphorylation of c-Jun by c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases reduces c-Jun ubiquitination resulting in increased stabilization of c-Jun.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMatk/CHK knockout mice were reported to show no apparent phenotypic abnormalities. This was thought to be due to the homologous kinase Csk that compensates for Matk/CHK. Here, we present the first evidence that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Matk/CHK, is an important modulator of immune cell signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF22q11 deletion (del22q11) syndrome is characterized genetically by heterozygous deletions within chromosome 22q11 and clinically by a constellation of congenital malformations of the aortic arch, heart, thymus, and parathyroid glands described as DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). Here, we report that compound heterozygosity of mouse homologs of two 22q11 genes, CRKL and TBX1, results in a striking increase in the penetrance and expressivity of a DGS-like phenotype compared to heterozygosity at either locus. Furthermore, we show that these two genes have critical dose-dependent functions in pharyngeal segmentation, patterning of the pharyngeal apparatus along the anteroposterior axis, and local regulation of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism and signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDeletions on chromosome 22q11.21 disrupt pharyngeal and cardiac development and cause DiGeorge and related human syndromes. CRKL (CRK-Like) lies within 22q11.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDuring brain development, many neurons migrate long distances before settling and differentiating. These migrations are coordinated to ensure normal development. The secreted protein Reelin controls the locations of many types of neurons, and its absence causes the classic "Reeler" phenotype.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHere we report that C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), a tyrosine kinase that negatively regulates the activity of Src and related kinases, is important for vascular development. In Csk(-/-) embryos, although vascular tubules were formed and organized into capillary-like networks during the initial genesis of blood vessels, the vessels failed to engage in normal sprout formation. In chimeric embryos containing both wild-type and Csk(-/-) cells, the presence of wild-type cells enabled Csk(-/-) endothelial cells to participate in branching morphogenesis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe adapter protein CrkL has been implicated in multiple signal transduction pathways in hematopoietic cells. In T lymphocytes, the recruitment of CrkL-C3G complexes has been correlated with hyporesponsiveness, implicating CrkL as a potential negative regulator. To test this hypothesis we examined T cell activation in CrkL-deficient mice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe adapter protein Crk-Like (CrkL) can associate with the Src substrate p130(Cas) (Cas). The biological role of CrkL downstream of Cas, however, has been largely obscure. Consistent with the ability of CrkL to biochemically associate with Cas, we found that Src triggers translocation of CrkL to focal adhesions (FAs) in a manner dependent on Cas.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe sought to determine the functional role of the CrkL adapter protein and downstream pathways in interferon signaling. In experiments using CrkL(--) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we found that CrkL is required for IFN alpha-dependent gene transcription via GAS elements, apparently via the formation of DNA-binding complexes with Stat5. On the other hand, gene transcription via ISRE elements is intact in the absence of CrkL, indicating that the regulatory effects on gene transcription are mediated only via the formation of CrkL:Stat5 complexes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMembers of the Src family of tyrosine kinases function to phosphorylate focal adhesion (FA) proteins. To explore the overlapping functions of Src kinases, we have targeted Csk, a negative regulator of the Src family, to FA structures. Expression of FA-targeted Csk (FA-Csk) effectively reduced the active form (nonphosphorylated at the C-terminal regulatory tyrosine) of Src members in the cell.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe integrin family of cell adhesion receptors are important for a diverse set of biological responses during development. Although many integrins have been shown to engage a similar set of cytoplasmic effector proteins in vitro, the importance of these proteins in the biological events mediated by different integrin receptors and ligands is uncertain. We have examined the role of one of the best-characterized integrin effectors, the focal adhesion protein paxillin, by disruption of the paxillin gene in mice.
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