Detection of HIV-1 and Human Proteins in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles from HIV+ Patients.

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound, secreted by cells, and detected in bodily fluids, including urine, and contain proteins, RNA, and DNA. Our goal was to identify HIV and human proteins (HPs) in urinary EVs from HIV+ patients and compare them to HIV- samples.

Methods: Urine samples were collected from HIV+ ( = 35) and HIV- ( = 12) individuals.

Dahl salt-sensitive rats develop hypovitaminosis D and hyperparathyroidism when fed a standard diet.

The Dahl salt-sensitive rat (S), a model for salt-sensitive hypertension, excretes protein-bound 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) into urine when fed a low salt diet. Urinary 25-OHD increases during high salt intake. We tested the hypothesis that continuous loss of 25-OHD into urine would result in low plasma 25-OHD concentration in mature S rats raised on a standard diet.

Dahl salt-sensitive rats excrete 25-hydroxyvitamin D into urine.

The plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of Dahl salt-sensitive rats (S) is markedly decreased in response to high sodium chloride (salt) intake. We tested the hypothesis that urinary excretion is a mechanism for the decrease. Female S rats excreted 0.