Prostaglandin E-Induced Immune Suppression via Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in Paratuberculosis.

Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. . The Th1 response inhibits the proliferation of M.

Intravitreal ranibizumab improves macular sensitivity in patients with central retinal vein occlusion and macula edema.

Background: Patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and macular edema often are treated by intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IRI). The role of changes in macular sensitivity in the positive effects of IRI on visual functions is unclear. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between macular sensitivity and improvement of visual functions.

Effects of bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha decoy receptors on cell death and inflammatory cytokine kinetics: potential for bovine inflammation therapy.

Background: Refractory diseases, including bacterial infections, are causing huge economic losses in dairy farming. Despite efforts to prevent and treat those diseases in cattle, including the use of antimicrobials, it is not well controlled in the field. Several inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), play important roles in disease progression; thus, blocking these cytokines can attenuate the acute and sever inflammation and may be a novel strategy for treatment.

Effect of chronic administration of ritonavir on function of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein in rats.

Ritonavir (RTV) is well known as an inhibitor of many drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A or fluxed via P-glycoprotein (Pgp), although it is also reported that RTV is a potent inducer for them. In this study, to elucidate these contradictory phenomena, functional changes of CYP3A or Pgp during chronic administration of RTV were examined in rats. After pretreatment with RTV for indicated days (day 3-day 14), rats were used in the experiments.