Formation of Micrometer Scale Metal Structures on Glass by Selective Electroless Plating on Photopatterned Titanium and Copper Containing Films.

A procedure for formation of catalytic SiO substrate adhesive layer patterns and selective electrochemical metal deposition on the catalyst images was investigated. A photoreactive solution containing a diazonaphthoquinone sulfonate ester and Ti and Cu complexes was developed to deposit Cu catalyst-TiO adhesive layer latent images on glass. Sub-micrometer/micrometer scale positive tone photoactive TiCu complex film patterns were formed using a conventional photolithography technique.

Metallic film formation using direct micropatterning with photoreactive metal complexes.

Palladium, cobalt, and nickel in complex with photoacid-generating ligands, 4-(2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)catechol and 4-(6-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl)catechol, were prepared in solution. Films formed from the metal complex solutions perform as positive-tone, directly photopatternable palladium, cobalt, nickel oxide, or composite film precursors. After exposure, acid-bearing selectively soluble complexes could be removed to give patterned films upon developing in aqueous base, which were transformable to the corresponding pattern-preserving metal/metal oxide film.

Species dependence of the redox potential of the primary electron donor p700 in photosystem I of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms revealed by spectroelectrochemistry.

The redox potential of the primary electron donor P700, E(m)(P700/P700(+)), of Photosystem I (PSI) has been determined for 10 oxygenic photosynthesis organisms, ranging from cyanobacteria, red algae, green algae to higher plants, by spectroelectrochemistry with an optically transparent thin-layer electrode (OTTLE) cell to elucidate the scattering by as much as 150 mV in reported values of E(m)(P700/P700(+)). The E(m)(P700/P700(+)) values determined within error ranges of ± 1-4 mV exhibited a significant species dependence, with a span >70 mV, from +398 to +470 mV vs. the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).

Photoacid generating ligands for development of positive-tone directly photopatternable metal complexes.

Photoacid generating ligands, 4-(2-nitrobenzy-loxycarbonyl)catechol and 4-(6-nitroveratryloxycarbonyl)catechol, and indium tin and titanium complexes thereof, were synthesized. These metal complexes perform as positive-tone, directly photopatternable indium tin oxide (ITO) or titanium oxide film precursors. After exposure, acid-bearing selectively soluble complexes could be removed to give patterned films upon developing in aqueous base, which were transformable to the corresponding pattern-preserving metal oxide film.

Spectroelectrochemistry of P700 in native photosystem I particles and diethyl ether-treated thylakoid membranes from spinach and Thermosynechococcus elongatus.

The redox potentials (E(composite function')) of P700 in intact and diethyl ether-treated thylakoid membranes as well as native photosystem (PS) I particles from spinach and Thermosynechococcus elongatus have been measured by a spectroelectrochemistry with an error range of +/-2-3 mV. Stepwise removal of antenna pigments by ether treatment caused distinct shifts of the E( composite function') value with increasing degree of water saturation in ether; negatively from +471 to +428 mV for spinach, but positively from +423 to +436 mV for T. elongatus.

Significant species-dependence of P700 redox potential as verified by spectroelectrochemistry: comparison of spinach and Theromosynechococcus elongatus.

The redox potentials of P700, the primary electron donor of photosystem (PS) I, of spinach and Thermosynechococcus elongatus were determined by means of spectroelectrochemistry with an error range of +/-2-3 mV, to find that the redox potential of P700 in T. elongatus is lower by ca. 50 mV as compared with spinach.

Reversed-phase HPLC determination of chlorophyll a' and naphthoquinones in photosystem I of red algae: existence of two menaquinone-4 molecules in photosystem I of Cyanidium caldarium.

Chlorophyll (Chl) a', the C13(2)-epimer of Chl a, is one of the two Chl molecules constituting the primary electron donor (P700) of photosystem (PS) I of a thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. To examine whether PS I of other oxygenic photosynthetic organisms in general contain one Chl a' molecule in P700, the pigment composition of thylakoid membranes and PS I preparations isolated from red algae Porphyridium purpureum and Cyanidium caldarium was examined by reversed-phase HPLC with particular attention to Chl a' and phylloquinone (PhQ), the secondary electron acceptor of PS I. The two red algae contained one Chl a' molecule at the core part of PS I.

Evaluation of the carrier potential for the lipid dispersion system with lipophilic compound.

KW-3902 (a newly synthesized adenosine A(1)-receptor antagonist) has potent diuretic and renal protective activities and was formulated in lipid dispersion systems, i.e., lipid emulsions and liposomes.

Reversed-phase HPLC determination of chlorophyll a' and phylloquinone in Photosystem I of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Universal existence of one chlorophyll a' molecule in Photosystem I.

Chlorophyll (Chl) a', the C132-epimer of Chl a, is a constituent of the primary electron donor (P700) of Photosystem (PS) I of a thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus (Thermosynechococcus) elongatus, as was recently demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. To determine whether PS I of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms universally contains one molecule of Chl a', pigment compositions of thylakoid membranes and PS I complexes isolated from the cyanobacteria T. elongatus and Synechocystis sp.