Combination of peptide YY3-36 with GLP-1(7-36) amide causes an increase in first-phase insulin secretion after IV glucose.

Context: The combination of peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been proposed as a potential treatment for diabetes and obesity. However, the combined effects of these hormones, PYY(3-36) and GLP-1(7-36 amide), on glucose homeostasis are unknown.

Objective: This study sought to investigate the acute effects of PYY(3-36) and GLP-1(7-36) amide, individually and in combination, on insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Increasing LH pulsatility in women with hypothalamic amenorrhoea using intravenous infusion of Kisspeptin-54.

Background: Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is the one of the most common causes of period loss in women of reproductive age and is associated with deficient LH pulsatility. High-dose kisspeptin-54 acutely stimulates LH secretion in women with HA, but chronic administration causes desensitization. GnRH has paradoxical effects on reproductive activity; we therefore hypothesized that a dose-dependent therapeutic window exists within which kisspeptin treatment restores the GnRH/LH pulsatility in women with HA.

Effects of neurokinin B administration on reproductive hormone secretion in healthy men and women.

Background: Neurokinin B (NKB) is a member of the tachykinin family of peptides. Inactivating mutations in the tachykinin 3 or tachykinin 3 receptor gene are associated with pubertal failure and congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in humans. This suggests that NKB may have a critical role in human reproduction.

Age-dependent elevations in plasma kisspeptin are observed in boys and girls when compared with adults.

Background: Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide playing a physiological role in human reproduction. Genetic over-activation of kisspeptin causes precocious puberty in children. Concentrations of circulating kisspeptin are low in adults.

Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia.

Glucagon and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 are the primary products of proglucagon processing from the pancreas and gut, respectively. Giving dual agonists with glucagon and GLP-1 activity to diabetic, obese mice causes enhanced weight loss and improves glucose tolerance by reduction of food intake and by increase in energy expenditure (EE). We aimed to observe the effect of a combination of glucagon and GLP-1 on resting EE and glycemia in healthy human volunteers.

Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with circulating PTH, phosphate and calcium in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Despite NIH clinical recommendations, many clinicians are reluctant to replace vitamin D in patients with hypercalcaemia with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) due to concerns over aggravating hypercalcaemia. Furthermore, the optimum level of vitamin D replacement in PHP remains unclear.

Methods: We performed a large retrospective study to determine whether a relationship exists between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, calcium and other important biochemical markers in patients with PHP.

The use of functional MRI to study appetite control in the CNS.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided the opportunity to safely investigate the workings of the human brain. This paper focuses on its use in the field of human appetitive behaviour and its impact in obesity research. In the present absence of any safe or effective centrally acting appetite suppressants, a better understanding of how appetite is controlled is vital for the development of new antiobesity pharmacotherapies.

Gut Hormones and Appetite Control: A Focus on PYY and GLP-1 as Therapeutic Targets in Obesity.

The global obesity epidemic has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. However, the medical treatment of obesity is limited. Gastric bypass is an effective surgical treatment but carries significant perioperative risks.

Imaging the neuroendocrinology of appetite.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a powerful tool to investigate the neuroendocrinology of appetite. In a recent study, we demonstrated that the brain activation pattern seen following the infusion of the anorectic gut hormones PYY and GLP-1 to fasted individuals resembles the brain activation pattern seen in the physiological satiated state. This commentary discusses the significance of these findings and compares them with other landmark studies in the field, with specific reference to the brain areas involved in appetite regulation.

Translational studies on PYY as a novel target in obesity.

The obesity epidemic has a direct impact on every aspect of health. Current strategies to treat obesity are limited and there is a need to pioneer novel solutions. Anorectic gut hormones, physiologically secreted post-prandially to mediate satiety, have recently emerged as potential therapeutic targets in obesity.

The gut hormones PYY 3-36 and GLP-1 7-36 amide reduce food intake and modulate brain activity in appetite centers in humans.

Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide. Understanding how the brain controls appetite offers promising inroads toward new therapies for obesity. Peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are coreleased postprandially and reduce appetite and inhibit food intake when administered to humans.