Photo-conversion of self-assembled structures into continuous covalent structures via [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions.

In this study, the conversion of self-assembled structures into continuous polymeric structures by linking the self-assembled molecules using the [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction was investigated. Synthesized bio-inspired thymine-based bolaamphiphilic molecules were designed to force the interactions between two molecules to engage two thymines in their self-assembled structure to undergo a cycloaddition reaction. Thymine-based bolaamphiphilic molecules were designed and synthesized using different phenylene spacers based on aromatic substituents (ortho-) (meta-) (para-).

Hyperendothelinemia and ICG clearance in alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis.

Plasma endothelin (ET) levels are generally increased in cirrhosis patients in line with the severity of disease; however, the pathophysiological significance remains to be clarified. We evaluated the plasma ET levels in 49 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 53 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis of the same disease severity. The plasma ET level was significantly elevated in alcoholic patients (P < 0.