Nursing care delivery in Japanese psychiatric units.

Japan has the largest number of psychiatric beds per population in the world. At the same time, little research had been done to describe nursing care delivered in psychiatric units. To describe contents of nursing care, the framework for care classification and measuring methods must be examined.

Transient RNAi induction against endogenous genes in Arabidopsis protoplasts using in vitro-prepared double-stranded RNA.

RNA interference is a powerful technique for suppressing gene functions in many eukaryotes including plants. Here we show that introduction of double-stranded RNA into Arabidopsis protoplasts leads to marked silencing of endogenous genes, as observed previously for transgenes [Biosci. Biotechnol.

A transient RNA interference assay system using Arabidopsis protoplasts.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces sequence-specific gene silencing in eukaryotes through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is now used as a powerful tool for functional genomics in many eukaryotes, including plants. We herein report a dsRNA-mediated transient RNAi assay system using protoplasts from Arabidopsis mesophyll cells and suspension-cultured cells (cell line T87).