Delayed microglial activation associated with the resolution of neuroinflammation in a mouse model of sublethal endotoxemia-induced systemic inflammation.

Systemic inflammation affects brain functions. In our previous study in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally into mice at sublethal doses, choroid plexus macrophages produced interleukin-1β and stimulated neighboring stromal cells. Activated stromal cells stimulate choroid plexus epithelial cells, and then choroid plexus epithelium-derived cytokines enter the brain parenchyma and stimulate astrocytes.

Infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the olfactory bulb in a mouse model of acute nasal inflammation.

Chronic nasal inflammation induces robust olfactory bulb (OB) atrophy in mice. Here we examined initial events that occur in the OB after bilateral intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide, focusing on the olfactory nerve fibers and meninges. We analyzed the time course of OB and meninges inflammation using histological and biochemical approaches.

Tocopheryl Phosphate Inhibits Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Gene Expression In Vitro and Ameliorates Arthritic Symptoms in Mice.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) effects of α-tocopherol (α-T) have been shown in human patients in a double-blind trial. However, the effects of α-T and its derivatives on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) during the pathogenesis of RA remain unclear. In the present study, we compared the expression levels of genes related to RA progression in FLS treated with α-T, succinic ester of α-T (TS), and phosphate ester of α-T (TP), as determined via RT-PCR.

Identification of equol-7-glucuronide-4'-sulfate, monoglucuronides and monosulfates in human plasma of 2 equol producers after administration of by LC-ESI-MS.

Equol is a product formed during the biotransformation of the naturally occurring isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria. The role of equol in the prevention of several hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and osteoporosis as well as vasomotor symptoms has been extensively investigated. Equol primarily occurs in the form of major metabolites such as glucuronides and sulfates, while intact equol has been detected at only ca.