Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural Patterns.

Objective: The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications.

Goal: The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere.