G3BP1/2-Targeting PROTAC Disrupts Stress Granules Dependent ATF4 Migracytosis as Cancer Therapy.

Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless cytoplasmic compartments that form in response to stress stimuli. In these compartments, most translation factors stall, except for activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which is preferentially translated to ensure cell survival under stressful conditions. Cancer cells encounter various stress conditions in the tumor microenvironment during tumorigenesis; however, how they exploit the pro-survival effects of ATF4 in SGs remains unclear.

The Cell Death and Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Recent Advances.

In underdeveloped nations, colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) is a significant health issue. It is the third most common outcome of cancer death. Despite a variety of therapy options, new medications are needed to lessen the severity of this condition.

Therapeutic approaches for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-An update on clinical trials.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common non-skin cancer with a tobacco consumption and infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) being major risk factors. Despite advances in numerous therapy modalities, survival rates for HNSCC have not improved considerably; a vast number of clinical outcomes have demonstrated that a combination strategy (the most well-known docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil) is the most effective treatment choice. Immunotherapy that targets immunological checkpoints is being tested in a number of clinical trials, either alone or in conjunction with chemotherapeutic or targeted therapeutic drugs.

Model of Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Type 2 Diabetes: a Comparative Review.

The aim of the present study was to review the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) diabetes model. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent (90-95%) in adults than type 1. Experimentally- induced diabetes models may be established by chemicals, viral agents, insulin antibodies, surgery, etc.

Injectable hydrogels of newly designed brush biopolymers as sustained drug-delivery vehicle for melanoma treatment.

Novel biocompatible and brush copolymers have been developed for cancer treatment using its controlled drug-release potential. Polyurethane graft on linear dextrin has been synthesized to control the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance for regulated drug delivery. The properties of the graft copolymers have been tuned through graft density.

Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles.

The application of nanomedicines is increasing rapidly with the promise of targeted and efficient drug delivery. Nanomedicines address the shortcomings of conventional therapy, as evidenced by several preclinical and clinical investigations indicating site-specific drug delivery, reduced side effects, and better treatment outcome. The development of suitable and biocompatible drug delivery vehicles is a prerequisite that has been successfully achieved by using simple and functionalized liposomes, nanoparticles, hydrogels, micelles, dendrimers, and mesoporous particles.

Third Generation Cyclodextrin Graft with Polyurethane Embedded in Hydrogel for a Sustained Drug Release: Complete Shrinkage of Melanoma.

An injectable hydrogel-based drug delivery carrier has been developed for long-term drug release by assembling various generations of cyclodextrin (CD) followed by hydrophobic layers to control the drug release for effective cancer treatment. Three generations of CD are designed through urethane linkages using small spacers to create a large hydrophilic core, which is covered with hydrophobic layers of polyurethane through grafting to maintain the hydrophilic hydrophobic balance of the whole superstructure. Drug release becomes sustained from the intricate superstructure following the non-Fickian diffusion process, resulting in massive cancer cell killing as compared to the low killing rate from the pure drug/material arising from its burst release.

Controlling Drug Delivery Using Nanosheet-Embedded Electrospun Fibers for Efficient Tumor Treatment.

The objective of this study is to fabricate biodegradable polymers into scaffolds to embed drugs for tumor treatment without any toxic side effects. Scaffold preparation is optimized by changing the conditions, e.g.

Health benefits of resveratrol: Evidence from clinical studies.

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic nutraceutical that exhibits pleiotropic activities in human subjects. The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of resveratrol have been documented in over 244 clinical trials, with an additional 27 clinical trials currently ongoing. Resveretrol is reported to potentially improve the therapeutic outcome in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, obesity, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory diseases, and rhinopharyngitis.

Efficacy of polyurethane graft on cyclodextrin to control drug release for tumor treatment.

Hydrophilicity of cyclodextrin is controlled through grafting of polyurethane of varying graft density, thereby maintain the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, to sustain the drug delivery rate for better tumor treatment. Grafting is verified through nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) and other spectroscopic techniques along with the hydrodynamic volume measurement of grafted species and the degree of substitution has been calculated from the integrated peak areas. Thermal and mechanical stability of the graft copolymers have improved significantly with respect to cyclodextrin and the formation of smaller blobs having larger in number has been obtained from small angle neutron scattering, atomic force microscopy and optical images.

Biodegradable toughened nanohybrid shape memory polymer for smart biomedical applications.

A polyurethane nanohybrid has been prepared through the in situ polymerization of an aliphatic diisocyanate, ester polyol and a chain extender in the presence of two-dimensional platelets. Polymerization within the platelet galleries helps to intercalate, generate diverse nanostructure and improve the nano to macro scale self-assembly, which leads to a significant enhancement in the toughness and thermal stability of the nanohybrid in comparison to pure polyurethane. The extensive interactions, the reason for property enhancement, between nanoplatelets and polymer chains are revealed through spectroscopic measurements and thermal studies.

Controlled drug release through regulated biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) using inorganic salts.

Biodegradation rate of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been regulated, both increase and decrease with respect to the biodegradation of pure PLA, by embedding meager amount of inorganic salts in polymer matrix. Biodegradation is performed in enzyme medium on suspension and film and the extent of biodegradation is measured through spectroscopic technique which is also verified by weight loss measurement. Media pH has been controlled using trace amount of inorganic salt which eventually control the biodegradation of PLA.

Concomitant and discrete expressions of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in the male reproductive tract.

This study aimed at investigating the expression and localization of the polyol pathway enzymes; aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), in the male reproductive tract of rat. Gene expression analysis showed maximum expression of AR and SDH in the coagulating glands. Western blot analysis showed a coordinated presence of the two enzymes in the coagulating glands, seminal vesicle and epididymis.

CatSper channel, sperm function and male fertility.

A number of physiological events, such as sperm hyperactivation, chemotaxis towards the egg, capacitation and acrosome reaction, are triggered by activation of sperm ion channels in response to a diverse range of chemical cues. Cation channel of sperm (CatSper), a sperm-specific ion channel, is unique in orchestrating the events for fertilization, and seems to be exclusively evolved for sperm function and male fertility. CatSper acts as a polymodal, chemosensory calcium channel and plays a vital role in the regulation of sperm hyperactivation.

Mucuna pruriens and its major constituent L-DOPA recover spermatogenic loss by combating ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis.

Background: The Ayurvedic medicinal system claims Mucuna pruriens (MP) to possess pro-male fertility, aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties. Some scientific evidence also supports its pro-male fertility properties; however, the mechanism of its action is not yet clear. The present study aimed at demonstrating spermatogenic restorative efficacy of MP and its major constituent L-DOPA (LD), and finding the possible mechanism of action thereof in a rat model.

Nature versus nurture--plant resources in management of male infertility.

Male infertility, apart from being a multi-factorial disorder, has no defined etiology in almost half of the infertile men. The complex etiology demands a complex remedy which can heal several ailments together. Currently available specific treatments are largely inefficient in infertility treatment.