Central macular morphology and optic nerve fibre layer thickness in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose: To investigate central retinal morphology and optic retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in prematurely born young adults and compare to term born controls.

Materials And Methods: The participants were 59 prematurely born individuals, with a birthweight ≤1.500 g, and 44 term born controls, all 25-29 years of age.

Normative data and repeatability for macular ganglion cell layer thickness in healthy Swedish children using swept source optical coherence tomography.

Background: Optical coherent tomography (OCT) technology is evolving with improved resolution and accuracy in segmentation between different cell layers in the retina. The ganglion cell layer in the macula region is a window to see what is happening in the visual pathways and a macula OCT is an examination that most children tolerate. This makes updated normative data necessary since variables may differ between different OCT devices and normative data for children is often not presented.

Dietary compliance in a randomized double-blind infant feeding trial during infancy aiming at prevention of type 1 diabetes.

The international Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) tested the hypothesis whether extensively hydrolyzed casein-based versus regular cow's milk-based infant formula reduces the risk of type 1 diabetes. We describe dietary compliance in the trial in terms of study formula intake, feeding of nonrecommended foods, and serum cow's milk antibody concentration reflecting intake of cow's milk protein among 2,159 eligible newborn infants with a biological first-degree relative affected by type 1 diabetes and with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. The participating infants were introduced to the study formula feeding at the median age of 15 days with a median duration of study formula use of 63 days.

No findings of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swabs from patients at an emergency outpatient ophthalmological healthcare facility in a Swedish county hospital: a cross-sectional study.

Background: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2. Virus has been found in conjunctiva of hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Conjunctivitis has also been reported as a presenting symptom of disease.

Association of Gastric Bypass Surgery With Risk of Developing Diabetic Retinopathy Among Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Sweden: An Observational Study.

Importance: Knowledge of the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after gastric bypass surgery (GBP) in patients with obesity and diabetes could guide the management of these patients.

Objective: To investigate the incidence of diabetic ocular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes after GBP compared with the incidence of diabetic ocular complications in a matched cohort of patients with obesity and diabetes who have not undergone GBP.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data from 2 nationwide registers in Sweden, the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry and the National Diabetes Register, were used for this cohort study.

The rim area of the optic nerve head, assessed with Heidelberg retina tomography, is smaller in prematurely born children than in children born at term.

Purpose: To examine the optic nerve head with Heidelberg tomography (HRT) in prematurely born school-age children and compare them to children born at term.

Methods: Sixty-three 5-16-year-old children born with a gestational age (GA) of ≤32 weeks were included in the study and compared to 54 children of the same age, born at term. In the preterm group, 29 children had had retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and nine children had neurological complications.

Effect of Hydrolyzed Infant Formula vs Conventional Formula on Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: The TRIGR Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in children with genetic disease susceptibility. There are no intact proteins in extensively hydrolyzed formulas.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula decreases the cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes in young children.

Avoidance of Cow's Milk-Based Formula for At-Risk Infants Does Not Reduce Development of Celiac Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background & Aims: Feeding during the first months of life might affect risk for celiac disease. Individuals with celiac disease or type 1 diabetes have been reported to have high titers of antibodies against cow's milk proteins. Avoidance of cow's milk-based formula for infants with genetic susceptibility for type 1 diabetes reduced the cumulative incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies.

Reduction of Rod and Cone Function in 6.5-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm.

Importance: The function of rods and cones in children born extremely preterm has not yet been fully investigated.

Objective: To compare retinal function via full-field electroretinographic (ffERG) recordings in 6.5-year-old children born extremely preterm with children born at term.

Macular function in preterm children at school age.

Purpose: Macular development is a complex process that starts by mid-gestation and continues several years after birth. A preterm birth could affect this development, causing increased thickness in the central macula, but the effect of the macular function remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the macular function measured with multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), in former preterm children and compare with healthy controls.

Regional differences in milk and complementary feeding patterns in infants participating in an international nutritional type 1 diabetes prevention trial.

Differences in breastfeeding, other milk feeding and complementary feeding patterns were evaluated in infants at increased genetic risk with and without maternal type 1 diabetes (T1D). The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk is an international nutritional primary prevention double-blinded randomized trial to test whether weaning to extensively hydrolyzed vs. intact cow's milk protein formula will decrease the development of T1D-associated autoantibodies and T1D.

Positivity for Zinc Transporter 8 Autoantibodies at Diagnosis Is Subsequently Associated With Reduced β-Cell Function and Higher Exogenous Insulin Requirement in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: This study assessed the relationship between autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and disease characteristics at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and during the first 2 years.

Research Design And Methods: Children, younger than 15 years of age (n = 723) who were newly diagnosed with diabetes, were analyzed for ZnT8A, other diabetes-associated autoantibodies, HLA DR-DQ alleles, and metabolic status, which was monitored by pH, plasma glucose, and occurrence of ketoacidosis at diagnosis and through follow-up of C-peptide concentrations, exogenous insulin dose, and glycosylated hemoglobin for 2 years after the diagnosis.

Results: ZnT8A positivity was detected in 530 children (73%).

Macular function measured by binocular mfERG and compared with macular structure in healthy children.

Purpose: To create normative data in children from binocular multifocal ERG (mfERG) recordings and compare results with the macular thickness.

Methods: Forty-nine 5- to 15-year-old healthy, full-term children were examined with Espion Multifocal System, using DTL electrodes. The stimulus matrix consisted of 37 hexagonal elements.

Photoreceptor Function in School-Aged Children is Affected by Preterm Birth.

Purpose: Prematurely born children have affected visual functions at school age. Optical coherent tomography (OCT) has shown morphological changes in the retina, suggesting a disturbance in normal retinal development in these children. The aim of this study was to examine retinal function with fullfield electroretinogram (ffERG) in school-aged children born prematurely and compare with children born at term.

Hydrolyzed infant formula and early β-cell autoimmunity: a randomized clinical trial.

Importance: The disease process leading to clinical type 1 diabetes often starts during the first years of life. Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of β-cell autoimmunity in children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Extensively hydrolyzed formulas do not contain intact proteins.

'Congenital' nystagmus may hide various ophthalmic diagnoses.

Purpose: To investigate whether patients registered at a low-vision centre with 'nystagmus' had any underlying, but so far unknown, ophthalmic diagnosis.

Methods: All patients registered at the low-vision centre of Uppsala county with nystagmus as their major diagnosis were identified. Their medical records were studied to exclude those with other general diagnoses that could explain the nystagmus.

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in school-aged prematurely-born children compared to children born at term.

Aim: To investigate the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) with optical coherent tomography (OCT) in prematurely-born children.

Methods: 62 children born with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks, and a control group of 54 children born at term with normal birth weight (BW) were included in the study. 28 of the preterm children had retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the neonatal period; eight of them had severe ROP (stages 3-4).

Removal of Bovine Insulin From Cow's Milk Formula and Early Initiation of Beta-Cell Autoimmunity in the FINDIA Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE To test whether weaning to a bovine insulin-free cow's milk formula (CMF) reduces type 1 diabetes mellitus-associated autoantibodies in children at genetic risk. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind pilot trial (Finnish Dietary Intervention Trial for the Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes [FINDIA]). SETTING Three pediatric hospitals in Finland from May 15, 2002, to November 22, 2005.

Expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Reduced risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been reported in the offspring of mothers with T1D when compared with children of affected fathers.

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that exposure of the offspring to maternal insulin therapy induces regulatory mechanisms in utero, we compared the FOXP3 expressing regulatory T cells in cord blood (CB) of infants born to mothers with or without T1D.

Subjects And Methods: Cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) from 20 infants with maternal T1D and from 20 infants with an unaffected mother were analyzed for the numbers of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cells ex vivo and after in vitro stimulation with human insulin by flow cytometry.

Time to consider a new treatment protocol for aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity?

Purpose: To discuss treatment modalities for aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (AP-ROP).

Methods: The medical charts of all infants with AP-ROP at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, during a 2-year period (2009 and 2010) were reviewed. Eight infants (16 eyes) with a mean gestational age of 23.

Growth differences between North American and European children at risk for type 1 diabetes.

Aim: To evaluate the relationships between early growth and regional variations in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in an international cohort of children with familial and genetic risk for T1D.

Methods: Anthropometric indices between birth to 5 yr of age were compared among regions and T1D proband in 2160 children participating in the Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Genetically at Risk study.

Results: Children in Northern Europe had the highest weight z-score between birth to 12 months of age, while those in Southern Europe and U.

Early feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes: experiences from the Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR).

Short-term breastfeeding and early exposure to complex dietary proteins, such as cow milk proteins and cereals, or to fruit, berries, and roots have been implicated as risk factors for β cell autoimmunity, clinical type 1 diabetes, or both. The Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) is an international, randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention trial designed to answer the question of whether weaning to an extensively hydrolyzed formula in infancy will decrease the risk of type 1 diabetes later in childhood. In our pilot study, weaning to a highly hydrolyzed formula decreased by ≈ 50% the cumulative incidence of one or more diabetes-associated autoantibodies by a mean age of 4.

Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

Objectives: To examine tracking and predictiveness of childhood lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index for risk profile in adulthood and the best age to measure the childhood risk factor levels.

Study Design: Study subjects were participants of the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, started in 1980 (age 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years). A total of 2204 subjects participated to the 27-year follow-up in 2007 (age, 30 to 45 years).

The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study: recruitment, intervention and follow-up.

Aims/hypothesis: The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study was designed to establish whether weaning to a highly hydrolysed formula in infancy subsequently reduces the risk of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: The study population comprises newborn infants who have first-degree relatives with type 1 diabetes and meet the increased risk HLA inclusion, but not exclusion criteria. The study is being performed in 15 countries in three continents.

Feasibility and compliance in a nutritional primary prevention trial in infants at increased risk for type 1 diabetes.

Aim: The international Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) was launched to determine whether weaning to a highly hydrolysed formula in infancy reduces the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children at increased genetic disease susceptibility. We describe here the findings on feasibility and compliance from the pilot study.

Methods: The protocol was tested in 240 children.