Five-year trends in epidemiology and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, St. Petersburg, Russia: results from perinatal HIV surveillance.

Background: The HIV epidemic in Russia has increasingly involved reproductive-aged women, which may increase perinatal HIV transmission.

Methods: Standard HIV case-reporting and enhanced perinatal HIV surveillance systems were used for prospective assessment of HIV-infected women giving birth in St. Petersburg, Russia, during 2004-2008.

Antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent perinatal HIV transmission in St. Petersburg, Russia: too little, too late.

Background: We evaluated the influence of type and timing of prophylaxis on perinatal HIV transmission in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Methods: We linked surveillance data for 1498 HIV-infected mothers delivering from 2004 to 2007 with polymerase chain reaction data for 1159 infants to determine predictors of transmission.

Determinants of contraceptive choice among women with HIV.

Objective: To examine factors associated with contraceptive choice among HIV-infected women.

Design: Data for this cross-sectional analysis were derived from baseline visits of 435 participants in an ongoing prospective study of contraception among HIV-infected women in Russia. Participants enrolled in one of four groups: combined oral contraceptives (COCs) along with condoms, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) along with condoms, copper intrauterine device (IUD) along with condoms, or condoms alone.

Rapid HIV testing and prevention of perinatal HIV transmission in high-risk maternity hospitals in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rapid testing (RT) program.

Study Design: From April 13, 2004, to April 13, 2005, pregnant women at 2 high-risk maternity hospitals with no or incomplete HIV testing results (negative tests at <34 weeks, none thereafter) were offered point-of-care RT, with antiretroviral prophylaxis for RT-positive women and their infants.

Results: Overall, 89.

Rapid HIV testing, pregnancy, antiretroviral prophylaxis and infant abandonment in St Petersburg.

In St Petersburg, Russia, a rapid HIV-testing programme was implemented in April 2004 for high-risk women giving birth. Among 670 women without prenatal care who received rapid HIV testing, 6.4% (43) had positive results.

[Serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

In this work the comparative data on the antigenic schemes of P. aeruginosa proposed by different authors are presented. The scheme of serological grouping, accepted in the USSR, has been brought into accord with the current nomenclature of O-antigens, proposed by Lányi and Bergan.

[Antibiotic behavior of Ps. aeruginosa strains isolated from various types of clinical material].

Altogether 158 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the material of open and close cavities and blood of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases were studied. It was found that the majority of the virulent (92.

[Serotype characteristics of clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

A total of 348 P. aeroginosa strains isolated from patients with pulmonary and pleural diseases were studied, and 87% of the test showed the possibility of their serotyping with the use of group-specific agglutinating antisera. Serogroups II, III, IV were found to be prevalent among the strains isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary pathological states.

[Principle of constructing polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines].

Dependence of the range of protective action of P. aeruginosa vaccine on the number of its composites was studied. A principle of the selection of strains who vaccines differed in vivo by immunological specificity was applied to construction of the experimental preparations and modelling a polyvalent vaccine.

[Experience with epidemiologic studies of pyocyaneus infections. I. Feasibility of using serotypes and antibiotic resistance as a epidemiologic label for clinical strains].

The authors carried out serological typing of 98 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from patients of burn department of the Sklifosovsky First Aid Institute in January-July, 1974, and of 215 strains obtained from other sources; their sensitivity to 13 antibiotics was determined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures isolated from the patients were typed with O-sera of 10 serological types. The presence of several hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found by means of serological typing; along with these there were revealed cultures of this causative agent sporadically appearing in the department.

[Dry medium for determining the beta-galactosidase activity of enterobacteria].

Differential diagnosis of enterobacteria is based on the determination of beta-galactosidase enzyme, hydrolyzing lactose in the nutrient substrates; however, the tests suggested for its determination are time consuming and their use in practice is limited. Dry nutrient medium prepared by the authors containing o-nitrophenyl-betaD-pyranoside was tested on 1625 strains of enterobacteria in comparison with the Le Minor's ONPS test used at present. The results of beta-galactosidase determination by the, mentioned methods proved to coincide (significance level greater than 95%); this permits to recommend the method described--in dry nutrient medium--as a differential-diagnostic test for the identification of enterobacteria.

[Pyocyaneus infection of burn wounds].

Materials of clinico-bacteriological study of 302 patients with thermal burns of different severity pointed to a considerable elevation of the incidence of Ps. aeruginosa isolation (in cultures) from burn wounds; the last few years it was found in about 50% of the cases. The greater frequency of Ps.

[Identification and serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the indirect immunofluorescence method].

The authors used the method of indirect immunofluorescence for detection and serological typing of Ps. aeruginosa in pathological material. This method was found to be useful for detection of Ps.

[An experimental study of the immunogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines].

The author studied comparatively the immunogenicity of the vaccines prepared of 38 virulent Ps. aeruginosa strains belonging to different serological types. It was demonstrated that the immunogenicity of killed vaccines varied within a wide range--from the absoulte protective effect to its complete absence.

[Principle of obtaining specific sera for the serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

The authors elaborated a method of obtaining sorbed specific sera for serotyping of Ps. aeruginosa on slide. A set of specific sera consisting of 20 sera was prepared; 93% of 500 cultures isolated from pathological material were typed with the aid of this set.

[Extraction and characteristics of agglutinating sera to the O-antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

A method of preparation of antigens of Verder and Evans and a scheme of rabbit immunization suggested by them was used to obtain agglutinating specific O-sera to 12 type Ps. aeruginosa strains of Bulgarian and London collections. There was shown a principal correlation of the O-types of Ps.