Objectives: In recent years, Vancomycin (VCM) dosing design using area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) has been recommended as a measure of efficacy and safety, but there are fewer reports on pediatric patients than on adults. In this study, we evaluated the threshold of AUC for AKI occurrence in pediatric patients and investigated the factors that contribute to the occurrence of AKI.
Methods: Pediatric patients aged 1-15 years on VCM treatment who underwent TDM at Kagoshima University Hospital from April 2016 to March 2022 were included in the computation of AUC using pediatric population pharmacokinetic parameters.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate limited sampling strategies for achieving the therapeutic ranges of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of vancomycin on the first and second day (AUC , AUC , respectively) of therapy. A virtual population of 1000 individuals was created using a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model, which was validated and incorporated into our model-informed precision dosing tool. The results were evaluated using six additional PopPK models selected based on a study design of prospective or retrospective data collection with sufficient concentrations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTeicoplanin, a glycopeptide antimicrobial, is recommended for therapeutic drug monitoring, but it remains unclear how to target the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). This simulation study purposed to demonstrate the potential of the Bayesian forecasting approach for the rapid achievement of the target AUC for teicoplanin. We generated concordant and discordant virtual populations against a Japanese population pharmacokinetic model.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe bacterium is known to be associated with nosocomial infections around the world. Pazufloxacin, a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor, is known to be an effective drug candidate. However, it has not been clarified whether the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) of pazufloxacin was effective against .
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: Compared with vancomycin trough concentration (C)-guided dosing, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)-guided dosing is associated with decreased acute kidney injury (AKI). However, whether C-guided or AUC-guided dosing should be used in patients other than those with serious MRSA infections remains uncertain. The purposes of this multicentre study were to identify risk factors for early- and late-phase vancomycin-induced AKI and to identify candidates for AUC-guided dosing, rather than C-guided dosing, who require a more accurate dose titration to reduce the AKI risk.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAmpicillin-sulbactam is a first-line therapy for pneumonia and is mainly excreted by the kidney. It is important to optimize the dose and dosing interval of ampicillin-sulbactam because in patients with decreased renal function and low skeletal muscle mass, such as the elderly, excess drug may burden renal function. In this study, we evaluated indices of renal function and optimized the dose and dosing interval of ampicillin-sulbactam based on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics theory in elderly patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis using murine infection models is a well-established methodology for optimising antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, we investigated the PK/PD indices of teicoplanin againstStaphylococcus aureus using a murine thigh infection model.
Methods: Mice were rendered neutropenic by administration of a two-step dosing of cyclophosphamide.
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest threats to public health systems worldwide, and aminoglycosides are key drugs for treating drug-resistant infections. Because of the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides, therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended, but few studies of the target trough concentration (Cmin) have been reported. To address the problem, we performed a meta-analysis to confirm the target Cmin of aminoglycosides for minimizing the risk of nephrotoxicity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Hepatotoxicity and visual symptoms are common adverse effects (AEs) of voriconazole therapy.
Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the effects of treatment modification based on therapeutic drug monitoring on AEs in patients undergoing voriconazole therapy.
Methods: The target voriconazole trough concentration (C ) was 1-5 µg/mL.
Background: Fatal adverse effects or relapse can occur with excessive or insufficient busulfan exposure in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Given that busulfan is mainly metabolized by glutathione S-transferase (GST), we investigated the influence of GST polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics in Japanese pediatric patients.
Methods: Blood samples were taken from patients receiving high-dose i.
Background: Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been used to treat serious, invasive infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was identified as a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameter of glycopeptide antibiotics that correlated with bacteriological responses and clinical outcomes. Although optimized dosing regimens based on PK-PD are needed, a PK-PD analysis of teicoplanin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has not yet been performed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frequent cause of orthopedic surgical site infections (SSIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a bundle approach in the prevention of orthopedic MRSA SSIs.
Material And Methods: MRSA active surveillance and decolonization were performed preoperatively at our institution from July 2004 until 2007.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of voriconazole (VRCZ) reduced discontinuation due to hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity was observed in 15 (51.7%) out of 29 patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGanciclovir is a nucleoside guanosine analogue that exhibits therapeutic activity against human cytomegalovirus infection, and is primarily excreted via glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The adverse effects induced by ganciclovir therapy are generally of a hematological nature and include thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Low marrow cellularity and elevated serum creatinine have been identified as risk factors for ganciclovir-induced neutropenia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe antimicrobial agents vancomycin and metronidazole have been used to treat Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). However, it remains unclear why patients are at risk of treatment failure and recurrence. Therefore, this study retrospectively examined 98 patients with CDIs who were diagnosed based on the detection of toxin-positive C.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLinezolid pharmacokinetic profile in pediatric patients has not been fully characterized, and the dose needed to achieve a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target has yet to be established because its efficacy is associated with the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC24)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio. The present study aimed to define the pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous linezolid in pediatric patients and assess the rationale for the approved dosage recommendations. Linezolid was safe, tolerated well, and clinically effective for treating Gram-positive bacteria in five pediatric patients (3-11 years).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAcinetobacter baumannii is a pathogen that has become globally associated with nosocomial infections. Sulbactam, a potent inhibitor of β-lactamases, was previously shown to be active against A. baumannii strains in vitro and effective against A.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is highly contagious. It is spread by direct contact with MRSA-infected people or objects. Healthcare workers' hands are the most common vehicle for the transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens from patient to patient and within the healthcare environment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLiposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), which was developed to reduce side effects, has been shown to have a better safety profile than both the deoxycholate and lipid complex forms of amphotericin B; however, the frequency of major side effects is still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess retrospectively the frequency of L-AmB-induced anaemia, thrombocytopenia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hypokalaemia as well as the relationship between daily dose of L-AmB and these side effects. A low red blood cell (RBC) count (post-/pre-treatment) and anaemia were observed in 7 and 10 of 21 adult patients, respectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTeicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibacterial agent that has a long serum half-life and therefore takes time to achieve steady-state conditions. An appropriate initial dosing is needed for teicoplanin to promptly reach an effective serum trough concentration. However, little information is available on tailoring the initial dosing for patients with various characteristics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe major adverse event associated with linezolid treatment is reversible myelosuppression, mostly thrombocytopenia. Recent studies have reported that the incidence of linezolid-induced thrombocytopenia was higher in patients with renal failure than in patients with normal renal function, although the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity are still unknown. The present study thus aimed to investigate the relationship between renal function and linezolid exposure as well as the effects of drug exposure on thrombocytopenia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn initial loading procedure has been recommended to enable teicoplanin to promptly reach an effective serum concentration for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of teicoplanin to determine the therapeutic target for the teicoplanin trough concentration and an appropriate dosing method during the first 3 days. The mean trough concentrations were 13.
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