Perspectives of U.S. Ophthalmology Residents and Medical Students on Ophthalmology Exposure during Medical School.

 In recent decades, ophthalmology exposure in medical school has been increasingly reduced. In turn, medical students have expressed concern over their ophthalmic skills. Research investigating the status of ophthalmology education in U.

Interactions between the apolipoprotein E4 gene and modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment: a nationally representative panel study.

Background: Few studies using rigorous clinical diagnosis have considered whether associations with cognitive decline are potentiated by interactions between genetic and modifiable risk factors. Given the increasing burden of cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia, we assessed whether Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) genotype status modifies the association between incident CI and key modifiable risk factors .

Methods: Older adults (70+) in the US were included.

A randomized phase 2 clinical trial of phentolamine mesylate eye drops in patients with severe night vision disturbances.

Purpose: Dim light vision disturbances (DLD) comprise a wide range of symptoms affecting the quality of vision at low illumination including glare, halos, and starbursts. This exploratory study investigated 1.0% phentolamine mesylate ophthalmic solution (PMOS) as a treatment to improve vision and image quality for patients with DLD.

Glaucoma and cognitive function trajectories in a population-based study: Findings from the health and retirement study.

Introduction: Prior studies on the association of glaucoma and cognitive function have reported mixed results.

Methods: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is a nationally representative panel survey of Americans age ≥ 51 years. HRS-linked Medicare claims data were used to identify incident glaucoma cases (by glaucoma type).

Background polygenic risk modulates the association between glaucoma and cardiopulmonary diseases and measures: an analysis from the UK Biobank.

Aims: To assess whether associations of cardiopulmonary conditions and markers with glaucoma differ by background genetic risk for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods: We constructed a POAG polygenic risk score (PRS) using genome-wide association study summary statistics from a large cross-ancestry meta-analysis. History of glaucoma (including self-report and codes for POAG, 'other glaucoma' or unspecified glaucoma), history of common cardiopulmonary conditions and cardiopulmonary measures were assessed in the UK Biobank.

Food Insecurity and Vision Impairment Among Adults Age 50 and Older in the United States.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that food insecurity is associated with greater prevalence of vision impairment (VI).

Design: Cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of US adults.

Methods: Adults 50 years and older were included.

Racial and Socioeconomic Differences in Eye Care Utilization among Medicare Beneficiaries with Glaucoma.

Purpose: Evaluate differences in eye care utilization among patients with glaucoma by race and socioeconomic status (SES).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: Representative 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged > 65 years with continuous part A/B enrollment between January 1, 2014, and July 1, 2014, at least 1 diagnosis code for glaucoma within that period, and a glaucoma diagnosis in the Chronic Conditions Warehouse before January 1, 2014.

The Effects of Topical Timolol and Latanoprost on Calculated Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Nonglaucomatous Volunteers.

To characterize the effects of timolol and latanoprost on calculated ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in a multicenter, prospective, crossover-design study. Nonglaucomatous volunteers were evaluated at baseline, after 1 week of timolol 0.5% dosed twice daily, and after 1 week of latanoprost 0.

Longitudinal Associations Between Vision Impairment and the Incidence of Neuropsychiatric, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiometabolic Chronic Diseases.

Purpose: To compare the incidence and hazard of neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, and cardiometabolic conditions among adults with and without vision impairment (VI).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: The sample comprised enrollees in a large private health insurance provider in the United States, including 24 657 adults aged ≥18 years with VI and age- and sex-matched controls.

Development and Validation of a Novel Indicator of Visual Disability in the National Health and Aging Trends Study.

Background And Objectives: The National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) is an ongoing, nationally representative panel study of older adults that collects data on health and disability, including measures on self-reported visual disability (SRVD). Prior studies assessing the association of SRVD with other measures of healthy aging have classified participants as having or not having SRVD, which does not capture the full spectrum of SRVD reported by participants. Therefore, we sought to develop and validate an ordinal indicator of SRVD to facilitate research on the impact of late-life SRVD on health and disability in NHATS.

Midlife Vision Impairment and Cognitive Function in Later Life: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, Michigan Cohort.

Background: In older adults, vision impairment (VI) is associated with worse cognitive function. However, the relationship between midlife vision and future cognitive function remains unknown.

Methods: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, Michigan site, is a longitudinal cohort of midlife women aged 42-52 years at baseline.

The Lens: Can a Weekly Newsletter Improve Medical Student Knowledge of the Ophthalmology Literature?

Objective: Medical trainees often report barriers to their active engagement with academic medical literature. We assessed whether subscription to The Lens, a weekly newsletter summarizing recent ophthalmology literature, improved readers' knowledge of the literature.

Design: The implementation, uptake, and feasibility of The Lens are described.

The Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Glaucoma Medication Adherence: Interviews of Glaucoma Experts.

Poor adherence to glaucoma medications is associated with progressive vision loss. While many interventions have sought to increase glaucoma medication adherence, the amount by which adherence must increase to have a clinically significant effect remains unknown. To generate a hypothesized minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for glaucoma medication adherence, we conducted interviews with glaucoma experts.

Spillover Effect of Opioid Reduction Interventions From Adult to Pediatric Surgery.

Background: Procedure-specific prescribing guidelines and trainee education have reduced opioid overprescribing in adult surgical patients, but tailored interventions do not yet exist for children. It is unknown what effect these adult interventions have had on postoperative opioid prescribing in children at the same institution, where trainees rotate across both adult and pediatric services.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study of patients (<18 y) undergoing pediatric surgery (PS), pediatric otolaryngology (ENT), or pediatric urology (URO) procedures at a single tertiary academic center assessed opioid doses per patient before (January 01, 2015 to September 30, 2016) and after (January 01, 2017 to March 31, 2018) opioid prescribing guidelines and trainee education were instituted for adult laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Economic Evaluation of a Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention Program in Nursing Homes.

Objective: To assess the economic effect and cost effectiveness of a targeted catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention intervention in the nursing home (NH) setting.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Setting: Community-based NHs (N=12).

A Sustainable Model For Delivering High-Quality, Efficient Cataract Surgery In Southern India.

Cataracts are a leading cause of reversible blindness in India, where millions of people can be effectively treated for this condition with surgery. The Aravind Eye Care System in southern India developed an efficient system for delivering high-quality and low-cost cataract surgery. We provide a detailed accounting of costs of cataract surgery at the system and a cost-utility analysis.