A Warm Environment Reduces Exogenous Glucose Oxidation and Endurance Performance during Cycling with Facing Airflow.

Unlabelled: Exercise in warm environments increases thermal/cardiovascular strain and decreases gastrointestinal (GI) integrity and endurance performance. However, laboratory-based studies have provided little to/no facing airflow, potentially exacerbating these effects, particularly for cycling, where convective cooling may be a major contributor to thermal balance.

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of cycling in a warm vs temperate environment with sufficient facing airflow on exogenous glucose use, performance, and GI responses.

Standardization of gut microbiome analysis in sports.

The gut microbiome plays a significant role in physiological functions such as nutrient processing, vitamin production, inflammatory response, and immune modulation, which, in turn, are important contributors to athlete health and performance. To date, the interpretation, discussion, and visualization of microbiome results of athletes are challenging, due to a lack of standard parameters and reference data for collection and comparison. The purpose of this perspective piece is to provide researchers with an easy-to-understand framework for the collection, analysis, and data management related to the gut microbiome with a specific focus on athletic populations.

Exogenous Glucose Oxidation During Exercise Is Positively Related to Body Size.

There is little evidence that body size alters exogenous glucose oxidation rates during exercise. This study assessed whether larger people oxidize more exogenous glucose during exercise than smaller people. Fifteen cyclists were allocated into two groups based on body mass (SMALL, <70 kg body mass, n = 9, two females) or (LARGE, >70 kg body mass, n = 6) matched for lactate threshold (SMALL: 2.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in Human Physiology Research-Should We Control the Controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Myths and Methodologies: Standardisation in human physiology research-should we control the controllables?

The premise of research in human physiology is to explore a multifaceted system whilst identifying one or a few outcomes of interest. Therefore, the control of potentially confounding variables requires careful thought regarding the extent of control and complexity of standardisation. One common factor to control prior to testing is diet, as food and fluid provision may deviate from participants' habitual diets, yet a self-report and replication method can be flawed by under-reporting.

Three-dimensional topology-based analysis segments volumetric and spatiotemporal fluorescence microscopy.

Image analysis techniques provide objective and reproducible statistics for interpreting microscopy data. At higher dimensions, three-dimensional (3D) volumetric and spatiotemporal data highlight additional properties and behaviors beyond the static 2D focal plane. However, increased dimensionality carries increased complexity, and existing techniques for general segmentation of 3D data are either primitive, or highly specialized to specific biological structures.

CRISPR Comparison Toolkit: Rapid Identification, Visualization, and Analysis of CRISPR Array Diversity.

CRISPR-Cas systems provide immunity against mobile genetic elements (MGEs) through sequence-specific targeting by spacer sequences encoded in CRISPR arrays. Spacers are highly variable between microbial strains and can be acquired rapidly, making them well suited for use in strain typing of closely related organisms. However, no tools are currently available to automate the process of reconstructing strain histories using CRISPR spacers.

Evaluation of bacterial attachment on mineralized collagen scaffolds and addition of manuka honey to increase mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis.

The design of biomaterials to regenerate bone is likely to increasingly require modifications that reduce bacterial attachment and biofilm formation as infection during wound regeneration can significantly impede tissue repair and typically requires surgical intervention to restart the healing process. Further, much research on infection prevention in bone biomaterials has focused on modeling of non-resorbable metal alloy materials, whereas an expanding direction of bone regeneration has focused on development of bioresorbable materials. This represents a need for the prevention and understanding of infection in resorbable biomaterials.

"Failure To Launch": Development of a Reproductive Organ Linked to Symbiotic Bacteria.

Developmental processes in animals are influenced by colonization and/or signaling from microbial symbionts. Here, we show that bacteria from the environment are linked to development of a symbiotic organ that houses a bacterial consortium in female Hawaiian bobtail squid, . In addition to the well-characterized light organ association with the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, female house a simple bacterial community in a reproductive organ, the accessory nidamental gland (ANG).

Humans and the core partition: An agent-based modeling experiment.

Although strategic coalition formation is traditionally modeled using cooperative game theory, behavioral game theorists have repeatedly shown that outcomes predicted by game theory are different from those generated by actual human behavior. To further explore these differences, in a cooperative game theory context, we experiment to compare the outcomes resulting from human participants' behavior to those generated by a cooperative game theory solution mechanism called the core partition. Our experiment uses an interactive simulation of a glove game, a particular type of cooperative game, to collect the participant's decision choices and their resultant outcomes.

Prediction of Prophages and Their Host Ranges in Pathogenic and Commensal Species.

The genus includes two pathogenic species, N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, and numerous commensal species.

Breast Radiation Recall Phenomenon After Astra-Zeneca COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Series.

We report three cases of AstraZeneca vaccine (AZV)-induced radiation recall phenomenon (RRP) in three women who had previously undergone radiotherapy for breast cancer. RRP is a rare complication of vaccination that can mimic the more common pathology of breast cellulitis. Emergency physicians, primary care specialists, and surgeons should be aware of RRP when treating patients in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) climate.

A case of distal limb arterial tortuosity and dilation: observations and potential clinical significance.

Arterial tortuosity describes variation via bending of the arterial wall and has been noted in several arteries throughout the body. Tortuous blood vessels can cause nerve compression, as well as present difficulties to surgeons and radiologists. Here we present an unusual case of multi-vessel arterial tortuosity discovered in 78-year-old Hispanic male cadaver, independent of systemic pathology.

Itaconate is a covalent inhibitor of the isocitrate lyase.

Itaconate is a mammalian antimicrobial metabolite that inhibits the isocitrate lyases (ICLs) of . Herein, we report that ICLs form a covalent adduct with itaconate through their catalytic cysteine residue. These results reveal atomic details of itaconate inhibition and provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of ICLs.

Establishing Stable Binary Cultures of Symbiotic Saccharibacteria from the Oral Cavity.

Many bacterial species cannot be cultured in the laboratory using standard methods, posing a significant barrier to studying the majority of microbial diversity on earth. Novel approaches are required to culture these uncultured bacteria so that investigators can effectively study their physiology and lifestyle using the powerful tools available in the laboratory. The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is one of the largest groups of uncultivated bacteria, comprising ~15% of the living diversity on earth.

Isolation and cultivation of candidate phyla radiation (TM7) bacteria in coculture with bacterial hosts.

Background: The vast majority of bacteria on earth have not yet been cultivated. There are many bacterial phyla with no cultivated examples including most members of the Candidate Phylum Radiation with the exception of human oral isolates from the phylum Saccharibacteria.

Aims: The aims of this research were to develop reproducible methods and validate approaches for the cultivation of human oral Saccharibacteria and to identify the conceptual pitfalls that delayed isolation of these bacteria for 20 years after their discovery.

Teleneuropsychology in the time of COVID-19: The experience of The Australian Epilepsy Project.

Purpose: Traditional neuropsychological testing carries elevated COVID-19 risk for both examinee and examiner. Here we describe how the pilot study of the Australian Epilepsy Project (AEP) has transitioned to tele-neuropsychology (teleNP), enabling continued safe operations during the pandemic.

Methods: The AEP includes adults (age 18-60) with a first unprovoked seizure, new diagnosis of epilepsy or drug resistant focal epilepsy.

Optimizing serum total carbon dioxide concentration during short and nocturnal frequent hemodialysis using lactate as dialysate buffer base.

Introduction: Definitive clinical studies to determine the optimal dialysate lactate concentration to prescribe during frequent hemodialysis when using the NxStage System One dialysis delivery system at low dialysate flow rates have not been reported.

Methods: We used clinical data from patients who transferred from in-center thrice-weekly hemodialysis (ICHD) to daily home hemodialysis using the NxStage System One and the H mobilization model to calculate acid generation rates in patient sub-groups during the FREEDOM study. Assuming those acid generation rates were representative, we then predicted using the H mobilization model the effect of using dialysate lactate concentrations of 40 and 45 mEq/L on predialysis serum total carbon dioxide (tCO ) concentrations in patients who transfer from ICHD to short and nocturnal frequent hemodialysis prescriptions used in current clinical practice; the prescriptions evaluated varied by treatment frequency, dialysate volume per treatment, and treatment times.

From Input to Output: The Lap/c-di-GMP Biofilm Regulatory Circuit.

Biofilms are the dominant bacterial lifestyle. The regulation of the formation and dispersal of bacterial biofilms has been the subject of study in many organisms. Over the last two decades, the mechanisms of biofilm formation and regulation have emerged as among the best understood of any bacterial biofilm system.

MapA, a Second Large RTX Adhesin Conserved across the Pseudomonads, Contributes to Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Mechanisms by which cells attach to a surface and form a biofilm are diverse and differ greatly among organisms. The Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium attaches to a surface through the localization of the large type 1-secreted RTX adhesin LapA to the outer surface of the cell. LapA localization to the cell surface is controlled by the activities of a periplasmic protease, LapG, and an inner membrane-spanning cyclic di-GMP-responsive effector protein, LapD.

Insights Obtained by Culturing Saccharibacteria With Their Bacterial Hosts.

Oral microbiome research has moved from asking "Who's there?" to "What are they doing?" Understanding what microbes "do" involves multiple approaches, including obtaining genomic information and examining the interspecies interactions. Recently we isolated a human oral Saccharibacteria (TM7) bacterium, HMT-952, strain TM7x, which is an ultrasmall parasite of the oral bacterium The host-parasite interactions, such as phage-bacterium or Saccharibacteria-host bacterium, are understudied areas with large potential for insight. The Saccharibacteria phylum is a member of Candidate Phyla Radiation, a large lineage previously devoid of cultivated members.

Complete Genome Sequence of Strain PM004, a Novel Cultured Member of the Human Oral Microbiome from the Candidate Phylum (TM7).

Strain PM004 is a cultured representative of human microbial taxon 955, a bacterium from the phylum It is an obligate parasite with a genome of <0.9 Mb and can be grown in coculture with its host, The complete genome sequence is presented here.

Complete Genome Sequence of Strain AC001, a Novel Cultured Member of the Human Oral Microbiome from the Candidate Phylum (TM7).

Strain AC001 is a cultured representative of human microbial taxon 488, a bacterium from the candidate phylum It is an obligate parasite with a genome of <0.9 Mb and grows in coculture with its host, The complete genome sequence is presented here.

Acetyl-CoA-mediated activation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isocitrate lyase 2.

Isocitrate lyase is important for lipid utilisation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but its ICL2 isoform is poorly understood. Here we report that binding of the lipid metabolites acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA to ICL2 induces a striking structural rearrangement, substantially increasing isocitrate lyase and methylisocitrate lyase activities. Thus, ICL2 plays a pivotal role regulating carbon flux between the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glyoxylate shunt and methylcitrate cycle at high lipid concentrations, a mechanism essential for bacterial growth and virulence.