Driving performance and ocular activity following acute administration of 10 mg methylphenidate: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background: Methylphenidate is a routinely prescribed treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with misuse potential owing to its perceived performance-enhancing and euphoric properties. Although clinically effective, there is limited understanding of how methylphenidate affects safety-sensitive tasks such as driving when used by healthy individuals.

Aim: Explore the acute effects of 10 mg methylphenidate on driving performance and gaze behaviour.

Acute methamphetamine and alcohol usage alters gaze behaviour during driving: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background: Methamphetamine is frequently co-consumed with alcohol, yet combined effects on visually guided behaviours have not been experimentally assessed. This study examined whether methamphetamine and alcohol-induced changes in gaze behaviour can be accurately detected and indexed during a simulated driving task to establish characteristic patterns relevant to traffic safety.

Methods: In a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design, the effects of acute oral methamphetamine (0.

Prominent misinformation interventions reduce misperceptions but increase scepticism.

Current interventions to combat misinformation, including fact-checking, media literacy tips and media coverage of misinformation, may have unintended consequences for democracy. We propose that these interventions may increase scepticism towards all information, including accurate information. Across three online survey experiments in three diverse countries (the United States, Poland and Hong Kong; total n = 6,127), we tested the negative spillover effects of existing strategies and compared them with three alternative interventions against misinformation.

Uses and Grindifications: Examining the Motivators and Antecedents of Grindr Usage Among GBMSM.

Grindr is a popular geospatial networking application (GSNA) among gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (GBMSM); it can be used for variety of goals (e.g. finding dates, making friends, or coordinating a hookup) depending on the user's wants.

Acute administration of alprazolam, alcohol and their combination on cognitive performance and mood: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background: Recreational co-consumption of benzodiazepines and alcohol is a common practise; yet, the cognitive effects of this combination remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the acute cognitive effects of combining a 1 mg dose of alprazolam with a moderate dose of alcohol (target 0.04% blood alcohol concentration (BAC)) in a non-clinical population.

Driving impairment and altered ocular activity under the effects of alprazolam and alcohol: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Background: Alprazolam, also known by trade-name Xanax, is regularly detected along with alcohol in blood samples of drivers injured or killed in traffic collisions. While their co-consumption is principally legal, policy guidelines concerning fitness-to-drive are lacking and methods to index impairment are underdeveloped.

Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we examined whether legally permissible levels of alcohol [target 0.

Structure of diopside, enstatite, and magnesium aluminosilicate glasses: A joint approach using neutron and x-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR.

Neutron diffraction with magnesium isotope substitution, high energy x-ray diffraction, and Si, Al, and Mg solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to measure the structure of glassy diopside (CaMgSiO), enstatite (MgSiO), and four (MgO)(AlO)(SiO) glasses, with x = 0.375 or 0.25 along the 50 mol.

Observation of a reentrant structural transition in an arsenic sulfide liquid.

A fundamental and much-debated issue in glass science is the existence and nature of liquid-liquid transitions in glass-forming liquids. Here, we report the existence of a novel reentrant structural transition in a S-rich arsenic sulfide liquid of composition AsS. The nature of this transition and its effect on viscosity are investigated in situ using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and simultaneous Raman spectroscopic and rheometric measurements.

The prevalence of alcohol use and risky driving practises among individuals who consume sedatives nonmedically: findings from the NESARC-III.

Worldwide, 1.3 million people die because of a road traffic collision each year, with over half (57.7%) of such deaths in the United States involving a psychoactive substance.

Observation of Collective Molecular Dynamics in a Chalcogenide Glass: Results from X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy.

The structural relaxation processes in a GeAsS molecular chalcogenide glass sample were directly studied by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). XPCS was conducted at the first sharp diffraction peak at = 1.16 Å at temperatures ranging from 123 K to above the glass transition at 328 K, and the results showed two different dynamical regimes.

Rheology of supercooled P-Se glass-forming liquids: From networks to molecules and the emergence of power-law relaxation behavior.

The effect of the network-to-molecular structural transformation with increasing phosphorus content in PSe (30 ≤ x ≤ 67) supercooled liquids on their shear-mechanical response is investigated using oscillatory shear rheometry. While network liquids with 30 ≤ x ≤ 40 are characterized by shear relaxation via a network bond scission/renewal process, a Maxwell scaling of the storage (G') and loss (G″) shear moduli, and a frequency-independent viscosity at low frequencies, a new relaxation process emerges in liquids with intermediate compositions (45 ≤ x ≤ 50). This process is attributed to an interconversion between network and molecular structural moieties.

Structural model for amorphous aluminosilicates.

An analytical model is developed for the composition-dependent structure of the amorphous aluminosilicate materials (MO)(AlO)(SiO) and (MO)(AlO)(SiO), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. The model is based on a simple set of reactions and contains a single adjustable parameter p (0 ≤ p ≤ 1). The latter is found from Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments in the regime where R = x/y ≥ 1, aided by new experiments on the magnesium and zinc aluminosilicate systems.

Compositional Evolution of the Structure and Connectivity in Binary P-Se Glasses: Results from 2D Multinuclear NMR and Raman Spectroscopy.

The atomic structure of binary PSe glasses with 5 ≤ ≤ 70 is investigated using Raman spectroscopy and two-dimensional Se and P isotropic/anisotropic correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These spectroscopic results, when taken together, demonstrate that the structure of PSe glasses with ≤ 50 consists primarily of -Se-Se-Se- chain elements, pyramidal P(Se) units, ethylene-like SeP-PSe units, and Se=P(Se) tetrahedral units. The chain structure of Se becomes increasingly cross-linked by P-Se polyhedral units, and the degree of connectivity increases with a progressive increase in P content up to ∼ 50, at which point the -Se-Se-Se- chain elements completely disappear, and the structure becomes highly rigid.

The effects of amphetamines alone and in combination with alcohol on functional neurocognition: A systematic review.

Due to their desirable synergistic and/or additive pharmacological effects, amphetamines and alcohol are frequently co-consumed; yet, their combined functional neurocognitive effects remain poorly defined. The PubMed, Scopus, SafetyLit, CINAHL Complete and Medline databases were examined from inception to December 2020. Study selection, data extraction and Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2) assessments were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, and the review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42020189168).

The Combined Effects of Alcohol and Benzodiazepines on Driving-Related Neurocognitive Skills: A Systematic Review.

Objective: Research concerning the combined effects of alcohol and benzodiazepines on driving-related skills is largely inconsistent. Because as many as 88% of benzodiazepine users report the additional consumption of alcohol, this review aims to provide an updated and concise synthesis of the available high-quality research.

Method: We searched EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until April 1, 2020, for double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures intervention trials that examined the effects of alcohol (any dose provided as blood alcohol concentration [BAC]) in combination with oral benzodiazepines on neurocognitive tasks related to driving.

Rheological characterization of complex dynamics in Na-Zn metaphosphate glass-forming liquids.

The viscoelastic behavior and shear relaxation in supercooled [NaPO][Zn(PO)] metaphosphate liquids with 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 are investigated using a combination of small amplitude oscillatory and steady shear parallel plate rheometry, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry.

Nucleation and early stage crystallization in barium disilicate glass.

Barium disilicate is one of the glass-ceramic systems where internal nucleation and crystallization can occur from quenched glass upon heat treatment without requiring nucleating agents. The structural origin of the nano-clusters formed during low temperature heat treatment is of great interest in gaining a fundamental understanding of nucleation kinetics in silicate glasses. Here, we present experimental investigations on the low temperature heat treatment of barium disilicate (BaO·2SiO) glass.

Driver monitoring systems (DMS): The future of impaired driving management?

Objective: Driver monitoring systems (DMS) are the next generation of vehicle safety technology. Broadly, these refer to the embedded, aftermarket wearable or vehicle-mounted devices that collect observable information about the operator to make real-time assessment of their capacity to perform the driving task. Integrating biobehavioral monitoring (primarily ocular metrics) with driving performance assessments, these systems function to infer driver state in real time to identify operator conditions that negatively affect driving (such as fatigue, inattention, or distraction).

Temperature dependent onset of shear thinning in supercooled glass-forming network liquids.

The onset of shear thinning and the transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior in the viscous flow of select chalcogenide and oxide network glass-forming liquids in the deeply supercooled regime and its temperature dependence are studied using parallel plate rheometry. In all cases, the onset occurs at a shear rate γ̇ that is several orders of magnitude lower than the shear relaxation rate τ and the former increases with increasing temperature. These results are in good qualitative agreement with the predictions of the existing models of shear relaxation and shear thinning based on the nonlinear Langevin equation theory, random first order transition theory, and the free volume model.

Kinetic and Calorimetric Fragility of Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Liquids: Role of Shear vs Enthalpy Relaxation.

The kinetic and calorimetric fragility indices of binary As-Se and Se-Te chalcogenide liquids with a wide range of fragility are determined using a combination of parallel plate rheometry, beam bending viscometry, and conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is shown that both sets of measurements lead to consistent values only if the validity of the assumptions often implicit in the methodology for the estimation of are considered. These assumptions are (i) the glass transition temperature corresponds to a viscosity of ∼10 Pa s and (ii) enthalpy and shear relaxation time scales τ and τ are comparable near .

Decision-making in single and multiple-screen CCTV surveillance.

One task of CCTV operation is to decide whether footage shown in videos depicts criminal behaviour, or allows a viewer to predict its occurrence. An increasing prevalence of cameras in the world, means an increase in screens in the control room. This presents a signal-to-noise challenge where the signal (criminal activity) may become more difficult to detect amongst the noise.

Rheological behavior of molecular vs network chalcogenide supercooled liquids.

The viscoelastic behavior of supercooled glass-forming liquids along the binary join AsS-GeS with AsS contents varying from 81.25 to 9 mol. % and correspondingly with structures varying from predominantly molecular to a three-dimensional tetrahedral network is studied by small-amplitude oscillatory shear parallel plate rheometry.

Unravelling the mechanism of pressure induced polyamorphic transition in an inorganic molecular glass.

The atomic structure of a germanium doped phosphorous selenide glass of composition GePSe is determined as a function of pressure from ambient to 24 GPa using Monte-Carlo simulations constrained by high energy x-ray scattering data. The ambient pressure structure consists primarily of PSe molecules and planar edge shared phosphorus rings, reminiscent of those found in red phosphorous as well as a small fraction of locally clustered corner-sharing GeSe tetrahedra. This low-density amorphous phase transforms into a high-density amorphous phase at ~6.