Tap water as the source of a Legionnaires' disease outbreak spread to several residential buildings and one hospital, Finland, 2020 to 2021.

In Finland, all microbiology laboratories notify findings and physicians notify Legionnaires' disease (LD) cases to the National Infectious Disease Register. All cases are interviewed, and water samples obtained from potential places of exposure. isolates from humans and water are compared by whole genome sequencing (WGS).

Factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph parameters to glaucomatous progression in disc photographs.

Purpose: To evaluate the factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the stereometric optic nerve head (ONH) parameters of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) to glaucomatous progression in stereoscopic ONH photographs.

Methods: The factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the vertical cup : disc ratio, the cup : disc area ratio, the cup volume, the rim area and a linear discriminant function to progression were analysed. These parameters were the best indicators of progression in a retrospective study of 476 eyes.

Clinical assessment of stereoscopic optic disc photographs for glaucoma: the European Optic Disc Assessment Trial.

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of judging optic disc photographs for glaucoma by ophthalmologists.

Design: Evaluation of diagnostic test and technology.

Participants: A total of 243 of 875 invited ophthalmologists in 11 European countries.

A four-year prospective study on intraocular pressure in relation to phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

Aim Of Study: To follow up prospectively the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy eyes with senile cataract undergoing phacoemulsification surgery over a duration of 4 years.

Patients And Methods: Thirty-five patients entering first eye cataract surgery had IOP measured by applanation tonometry pre-operatively and on day 1, at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 4 years after surgery at 9 a.m.

The sensitivity and specificity of Heidelberg Retina Tomograph parameters to glaucomatous progression in disc photographs.

Aim: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the stereometric optic nerve head (ONH) parameters of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) to detect an event of progression verified in serial stereoscopic ONH photography.

Methods: A retrospective study of 476 eyes of 342 patients with more than 18 months of follow-up with successful stereoscopic ONH photography was conducted. All eyes had good-quality HRT examinations with perfect image alignment.

A mathematical description of nerve fiber bundle trajectories and their variability in the human retina.

We developed a mathematical model wherein retinal nerve fiber trajectories can be described and the corresponding inter-subject variability analyzed. The model was based on traced nerve fiber bundle trajectories extracted from 55 fundus photographs of 55 human subjects. The model resembled the typical retinal nerve fiber layer course within 20 degrees eccentricity.

Conformal geometry of the retinal nerve fiber layer.

The nerve fiber layer of the human retina is made up of the retinal segments of ganglion cell axons. Its geometry can be described mathematically as a fibration of a 2D domain: a partition of a certain region into smooth curves. Here, we present a simple family of curves that closely models the observed geometry of the nerve fiber layer.

Heidelberg retina tomograph parameters of the optic disc in eyes with progressive retinal nerve fibre layer defects.

Purpose: To determine the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) parameters that identify glaucomatous changes in optic nerve head (ONH) topography associated with progression of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects.

Methods: A total of 68 eyes with open-angle glaucoma were included in this retrospective study: 34 eyes showed progression of an RNFL defect during the follow-up period and 34 eyes did not. Successful RNFL photographs and scanning laser tomography examinations with the HRT were taken in all patients at each of three visits.

Placing the Molteno implant in a long scleral tunnel to prevent postoperative tube exposure.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether it is possible to decrease the risk of Molteno tube erosion through the conjunctiva by using a new technique where the silicone tube is inserted into a scleral tunnel instead of being covered only by the conjunctiva.

Methods: We reviewed Molteno implants carried out at the University Hospital of Oulu, in 332 patients who underwent traditional Molteno implantation between October 1986 and October 1998 and 92 patients who underwent surgery with the new technique between November 1998 and April 2001.

Results: With our former technique, conjunctival erosions occurred in 15 eyes of 15 patients (4.

Efficacy and tolerability of the dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% combination (COSOPT) versus 0.005% (XALATAN) in the treatment of ocular hypertension or glaucoma: results from two randomized clinical trials.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of the fixed dorzolamide 2%/timolol 0.5% combination (COSOPT) versus latanoprost 0.005% (XALATAN).

The Finnish evidence-based guideline for open-angle glaucoma.

In most patients, chronic open-angle glaucoma is a slowly progressive disease. Eyes with very high intraocular pressure (IOP > 30 mmHg) represent an exception to this and should be treated and followed extremely intensively. As lowering IOP is, so far, the only means of treating glaucoma, the majority of research reports deal with the IOP-lowering effect of the treatment.

Optic disc biomorphometry with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph at different reference levels.

Purpose: The Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) is a confocal scanning laser tomograph that produces high resolution optical section images of the optic disc and central retina. Measurement accuracy and reproducibility is good. Several of the stereometric variables depend on the definition of a reference plane level.

Search for an optimal combination of structural and functional parameters for the diagnosis of glaucoma. Multivariate analysis of confocal scanning laser tomograph, blue-on-yellow visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer data.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate which of the structural and functional parameters--the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), white-on-white (W/W) and blue-on-yellow (B/Y) visual fields and semiquantitative retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scoring parameters--can give the best separation between non-glaucomatous and glaucomatous eyes.

Methods: Fifty-five subjects were included in this study: 32 nonglaucomatous subjects with mean age of 54 years, and 23 patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma and mean age of 59 years. The HRT with software 1.

Development of the standard reference plane for the Heidelberg retina tomograph.

Background: Topometry of the optic disc is the quantitative assessment of the structure of the optic nerve head by means of three-dimensional parameters. The parameter values depend on definitions of intraocular reference planes.

Purpose: To describe the development of intraocular reference planes in laser scanning tomography for the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) using image intrinsic data with a fixed offset reference plane (320 microm) and to present a contour-line-based "flexible" standard reference plane ("SRP") for calculation of intrapapillary stereometric parameters taking the interindividual variability of optic disc topography into account.

Optical coherence tomography and localized defects of the retinal nerve fiber layer.

Purpose: To test the capability of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) to demonstrate and quantitate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects.

Methods: The authors examined 6 eyes of 6 chronic open angle glaucoma patients with the OCT. The patients had abnormal Humphrey 30-2 visual fields which corresponded to RNFL defects visible in monochromatic fundus images taken with a digital imaging system.

Digital imaging and microtexture analysis of the nerve fiber layer.

Purpose: To describe the design of a digital retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) imaging techniques and present a new approach to measure the differences in RNFL patterns.

Methods: A digital camera body is connected to a wide-angle camera to obtain images of the RNFL, which are displayed in workstations throughout the clinic. In the on-line archive, images in Joint Photographics Experts Group (JPEG) format (100 KB per frame) are used.

Lens autofluorescence and light scatter in relation to the lens opacities classification system, LOCS III.

Purpose: To compare values of the human lens autofluorescence and back light scatter measurements with the improved Lens Opacities Classification System, LOCS III.

Methods: We measured autofluorescence and back light scatter of the lens from 122 smoking males aged 57 to 76 years who participated in a cancer prevention study. The retroillumination and slit-lamp photographs of the lenses were graded according to LOCS III by the Center for Ophthalmic Research in Boston.

Postoperative systemic corticosteroid treatment and Molteno implant surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: To determine whether it is possible to improve the surgical success of Molteno implantation by causing a general suppression of collagen synthesis with postoperative oral prednisolone.

Methods: Twenty-two patients requiring single stage, single-plate Molteno implantation were randomized into two study groups: the control group A and the systemic prednisolone treatment group B. Serum markers of collagen metabolism were monitored.

Laser scanning tomography of localised nerve fibre layer defects.

Aims: Retinal nerve fibre layer photography is a well established method to qualitatively document early structural changes which might be induced by primary open angle glaucoma. The aim was to analyse localised retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) defects in a new quantitative way with respect to surface topography, defect width, and surface reflectivity by means of the technique of confocal scanning laser tomography.

Methods: 12 eyes of 12 patients with a localised RNFL defect documented in RNFL photographs and a normal appearance of the optic disc were enrolled in the study.

Blue-on-yellow visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

Background And Objective: It has been suggested that the clinically detectable changes of the blue-on-yellow (B/Y) visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) may precede standard white-on-white (W/W) visual field defects in the progression of glaucoma. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between the results of B/Y visual fields and semiquantitative RNFL evaluation in corresponding areas and to determine how the B/Y visual fields and RNFL scores label the normal W/W perimetry hemifields in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Design: A cohort study.

Hemifield association between blue-on-yellow visual field and optic nerve head topographic measurements.

Background: Blue-on-yellow (B/Y) perimetry can reveal visual field defects earlier and larger in extent than white-on-white (W/W) perimetry. The Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) produces a three-dimensional image of the optic disc. The aim of this study was to compare the strength of the association of the B/Y and W/W visual hemifield mean deviation (HMD) variables with the optic nerve head (ONH) morphological variables of the respective area.

Outcome of Molteno implantation surgery in refractory glaucoma and the effect of total and partial tube ligation on the success rate.

Purpose: To analyze the results of 87 consecutive one-stage Molteno implantations in 87 patients and evaluate the factors influencing the surgical outcome, especially the effect of intraoperative partial and total occlusion of the tube.

Methods: Successful outcome was defined as final intraocular pressure (IOP) between 6 and 22 mmHg with less or equal amount of glaucoma medication than preoperatively without loss of light perception.

Results: After a mean (+/-SD) follow-up of 24+/-17 months, the mean IOP was 18.

Influence of lens autofluorescence on retinal nerve fiber layer evaluation.

Background: Yellow-brown coloration of the human lens increases with age and is associated with increasing lens autofluorescence. This may interfere with retinal image through scatter and absorption.

Patients And Methods: We measured the lens autofluorescence (AF) of 30 eyes of 30 healthy subjects and evaluated their retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) visibility from fundus photographs.