The effect of pre-competition training on biochemical indices and immune function of volleyball players.

Objective: Pre-competition sports training can have varying effects on an athlete's immune function, including causing reduced resistance. The aim of this study was to explore effects of pre-competition training on some biochemical indices and immunologic functions in top-level volleyball athletes to determine whether training should be modified for optimal health.

Methods: Biochemical indices (Hb, BUN, CK, LDH) and immunologic function (IgA, IgG, IgM, CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+)) were detected by semiautomatic biochemistry analyzer, light scattering photometer, or flow cytometry in sera from 24 top-level volleyball athletes and compared before and after pre-competition training.

H-PDLC based waveform controllable optical choppers for FDMF microscopy.

An electrically waveform controllable optical chopper based on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal grating (H-PDLC) is presented in this paper. The theoretical analyses and experimental results show that the proposed optical chopper has following merits: (1) controllable waveform, (2) no mechanical motion induced vibrational noise, and 
(3) multiple-channel integration capability. The application of this unique electrically controllable optical chopper to frequency division multiplexed fluorescent microscopy is also addressed in this paper, which has the potential to increase the channel capacity, the stability and the reliability.