Chemical composition and pharmacological aspects of Malaysian stingless bee propolis: An up‑to‑date systematic review.

Propolis is a sticky substance produced by stingless bees for construction and defence of their hive. It has notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-hyperglycemic, and wound healing effects. The present review summarised and examined the phytochemical properties, mode of action and current research prospects of Malaysian propolis.

Bioassay-guided isolation of cycloartane-type triterpenes, their cytotoxic properties and identification of potential chemical markers from propolis.

Phytochemical investigation through cytotoxicity bioassay-guided isolation of propolis led to the identification of five cycloartane-type triterpenes, including mangiferonic acid , ambonic acid , mangiferolic acid , ambolic acid and cycloartenol . Their structures were established based on detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Compounds - were isolated for the first time in this species.