Application of biotechnologies in the treatment of haemorrhoidal disease and optimisation of patient management.

Introduction: Haemorrhoidal disease is one of the most common nowadays. It is often associated with a sedentary lifestyle. The leading cause of its development is also a functional disorder of the intestine and chronic constipation.

Patient Satisfaction and Scar Quality Following Upper Blepharoplasty Using a Simplified Preoperative Marking Technique.

One of the most popular plastic surgical interventions both abroad and in Kazakhstan is blepharoplasty. Plastic surgeons continue to debate various methods for performing this operation; however, some of the methods used by plastic surgeons for preoperative marking of the upper eyelid skin may not be suited to the type of incision that should be used on the eyelids of individuals from Kazakhstan. For this reason, the surgery may not achieve the desired results.