Resistance- and endurance-trained young men display comparable carotid artery strain parameters that are superior to untrained men.

Purpose: Central arterial stiffness, a predictor of cardiovascular risk, attenuates with endurance-exercise in ageing populations. However, in young individuals, this effect is inconsistent and emerging evidence suggests resistance-exercise may increase arterial stiffness. Two-dimensional (2D)-Strain imaging of the common carotid artery (CCA) is more sensitive at detecting endurance-training induced alterations in CCA stiffness than conventional methods, but has not been used to examine CCA stiffness in young resistance-trained individuals.

Left ventricular trabeculation in Hominidae: divergence of the human cardiac phenotype.

Although the gross morphology of the heart is conserved across mammals, subtle interspecific variations exist in the cardiac phenotype, which may reflect evolutionary divergence among closely-related species. Here, we compare the left ventricle (LV) across all extant members of the Hominidae taxon, using 2D echocardiography, to gain insight into the evolution of the human heart. We present compelling evidence that the human LV has diverged away from a more trabeculated phenotype present in all other great apes, towards a ventricular wall with proportionally greater compact myocardium, which was corroborated by post-mortem chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) hearts.

Body mass and growth rates in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) cared for in African wildlife sanctuaries, zoological institutions, and research facilities.

Captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) mature earlier in body mass and have a greater growth rate compared to wild individuals. However, relatively little is known about how growth parameters compare between chimpanzees living in different captive environments. To investigate, body mass was measured in 298 African sanctuary chimpanzees and was acquired from 1030 zoological and 442 research chimpanzees, using data repositories.

Evidence of region-specific right ventricular functional adaptation in endurance-trained men in response to an acute volume infusion.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Endurance athletes demonstrate altered regional right ventricular (RV) wall mechanics, characterized by lower basal deformation, in comparison to non-athletic control subjects at rest. We hypothesized that regional adaptations at the RV base reflect an enhanced functional reserve capacity in response to haemodynamic volume loading. What is the main finding and its importance? Free wall RV longitudinal strain is elevated in response to acute volume loading in both endurance athletes and control subjects.

THE INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA WITH AND WITHOUT MEDETOMIDINE ON CARDIAC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN SANCTUARY CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES ().

Dependent on timing of assessment, anesthetic agents and specifically medetomidine negatively affect cardiac function in great apes. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) with and without medetomidine on cardiac structure and function in healthy chimpanzees () during a period of relative blood pressure stability. Twenty-four chimpanzees living in an African wildlife sanctuary undergoing routine health assessments were stratified by age, sex, and body mass and randomized to be anesthetized using either TZ (6 mg/kg; = 13; seven males and six females) or a combination of TZ (2 mg/kg) and medetomidine (TZM; 0.

The 12-lead electrocardiogram of the elite female footballer as defined by different interpretation criteria across the competitive season.

Pre-participation screening (PPS), using a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), is recommended to identify athletes at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). ECG interpretation criteria have been developed to address the concern arising from high false-positives in athletes. There are limited ECG data in elite female footballers.

FACTORS AFFECTING TEAR PRODUCTION AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ANESTHETIZED CHIMPANZEES ().

Measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production are key components of ophthalmic examination. Chimpanzees () were anesthetized using either tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ; 2 mg/kg) combined with medetomidine (TZM; 0.02 mg/kg), or, TZ alone (6mg/kg).

Stimulus-specific functional remodeling of the left ventricle in endurance and resistance-trained men.

Left ventricular (LV) structural remodeling following athletic training has been evidenced through training-specific changes in wall thickness and geometry. Whether the LV response to changes in hemodynamic load also adapts in a training-specific manner is unknown. Using echocardiography, we examined LV responses of endurance-trained ( = 15), resistance-trained ( = 14), and nonathletic men ( = 13) to ) 20, 40, and 60% one repetition-maximum (1RM), leg-press exercise and ) intravascular Gelofusine infusion (7 mL/kg) with passive leg raise.

Evaluation of relationships between results of electrocardiography and echocardiography in 341 chimpanzees ().

Objective: To examine potential relationships between ECG characteristics and echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure in chimpanzees ().

Animals: 341 chimpanzees (175 males and 166 females) from 5 sanctuaries and 2 zoological collections.

Procedures: Chimpanzees were anesthetized for routine health examinations between May 2011 and July 2017 as part of the International Primate Heart Project and, during the same anesthetic events, underwent 12-lead ECG and transthoracic echocardiographic assessments.

Selection of endurance capabilities and the trade-off between pressure and volume in the evolution of the human heart.

Chimpanzees and gorillas, when not inactive, engage primarily in short bursts of resistance physical activity (RPA), such as climbing and fighting, that creates pressure stress on the cardiovascular system. In contrast, to initially hunt and gather and later to farm, it is thought that preindustrial human survival was dependent on lifelong moderate-intensity endurance physical activity (EPA), which creates a cardiovascular volume stress. Although derived musculoskeletal and thermoregulatory adaptations for EPA in humans have been documented, it is unknown if selection acted similarly on the heart.

UBC-Nepal Expedition: Haemoconcentration underlies the reductions in cerebral blood flow observed during acclimatization to high altitude.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? The aim was to evaluate the degree to which increases in haematocrit alter cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen delivery during acclimatization to high altitude. What is the main finding and its importance? Through haemodilution, we determined that, after 1 week of acclimatization, the primary mechanism contributing to the cerebral blood flow response during acclimatization is an increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit. The remaining contribution to the cerebral blood flow response during acclimatization is likely to be attributable to ventilatory acclimatization.

Electrocardiographic changes following six months of long-distance triathlon training in previously recreationally active individuals.

: Clinical electrocardiographic (ECG) guidelines for athlete's heart are based upon cross-sectional data. We aimed to longitudinally evaluate the influence of endurance training on the ECG and compare the prevalence of ECG abnormalities defined by contemporary criteria. : A group of 66 training-naïve individuals completed a six-month training programme with resting ECGs and cardiopulmonary exercise tests performed at baseline, two and six months.

Cardiac structure and function characterized across age groups and between sexes in healthy wild-born captive chimpanzees () living in sanctuaries.

Objective: To comprehensively characterize cardiac structure and function, from infancy to adulthood, in male and female wild-born captive chimpanzees () living in sanctuaries.

Animals: 290 wild-born captive chimpanzees.

Procedures: Physical and echocardiographic examinations were performed on anesthetized chimpanzees in 3 sanctuaries in Africa between October 2013 and May 2017.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN LIVINGSTONE FRUIT BATS ( PTEROPUS LIVINGSTONII).

Eleven cases of dilated cardiomyopathy have been diagnosed and treated in captive Livingstone fruit bats ( Pteropus livingstonii) in the United Kingdom over the past 7 yr. All but one case received treatment with a diuretic plus an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), and, or pimobendan. One case is still under treatment with pimobendan alone, following diagnosis before onset of clinical signs.

SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN LIVINGSTONE'S FRUIT BATS ( PTEROPUS LIVINGSTONII).

Fourteen captive Livingstone's fruit bats ( Pteropus livingstonii) were anesthetized for routine veterinary health checks, including echocardiography, using sevoflurane. In addition, three specimens suffering from cardiac disease and a pregnant specimen were anesthetized for clinical assessment. No anesthetic complications were observed in any of the specimens.

HEART RATE AND INDIRECT BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES TO FOUR DIFFERENT FIELD ANESTHETIC PROTOCOLS IN WILD-BORN CAPTIVE CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES).

Limited data are available on hemodynamic responses to anesthetic protocols in wild-born chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Accordingly, this study characterized the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure responses to four anesthetic protocols in 176 clinically healthy, wild-born chimpanzees undergoing routine health assessments. Animals were anesthetized with medetomidine-ketamine (MK) (n = 101), tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) (n = 30), tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine (TZM) (n = 24), or medetomidine-ketamine (maintained with isoflurane) (MKI) (n = 21).

An exploratory investigation of echocardiographic parameters and the effects of posture on cardiac structure and function in the Livingstone's fruit bat (Pteropus livingstonii).

There is growing evidence that dilated cardiomyopathy may be a major cause of death in captive Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii). Therefore, the primary aim of this prospective, exploratory study was to examine whether a systematic cardiac ultrasound protocol is feasible in this critically endangered species and to report basic measures of cardiac structure and function from a cohort of apparently healthy bats. A secondary aim was to test the effect posture (dorsal recumbency vs.

Interaction between left ventricular twist mechanics and arterial haemodynamics during localised, non-metabolic hyperaemia with and without blood flow restriction.

What is the central question of this study? Left ventricular (LV) twist is reduced when afterload is increased, but the meaning of this specific heart muscle response and its impact on cardiac output are not well understood. What is the main finding and its importance? This study shows that LV twist responds even when arterial haemodynamics are altered only locally, and without apparent change in metabolic (i.e.