Phosphoranyl Radical Fragmentation Reactions Driven by Photoredox Catalysis.

Photocatalytic generation of phosphoranyl radicals is fast emerging as an essential method for the generation of diverse and valuable radicals, typically via deoxygenation or desulfurization processes. This Perspective is a comprehensive evaluation of all studies using phosphoranyl radicals as tunable mediators in photoredox catalysis, highlighting how two distinct methods for phosphoranyl radical formation (radical addition and nucleophilic addition) can be used to generate versatile radical intermediates with diverse reactivity profiles.

Photocatalytic Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides Using Visible Light: Mechanistic Investigations and Synthetic Applications.

The photocatalytic deoxygenation of sulfoxides to generate sulfides facilitated by either Ir[(dF(CF)ppy)(dtbbpy)]PF or -Ir(ppy) is reported. Mechanistic studies indicate that a radical chain mechanism operates, which proceeds via a phosphoranyl radical generated from a radical/polar crossover process. Initiation of the radical chain was found to proceed via two opposing photocatalytic quenching mechanisms, offering complementary reactivity.

A happy medium: the synthesis of medicinally important medium-sized rings ring expansion.

Medium-sized rings have much promise in medicinal chemistry, but are difficult to make using direct cyclisation methods. In this minireview, we highlight the value of ring expansion strategies to address this long-standing synthetic challenge. We have drawn on recent progress (post 2013) to highlight the key reaction design features that enable successful 'normal-to-medium' ring expansion for the synthesis of these medicinally important molecular frameworks, that are currently under-represented in compound screening collections and marketed drugs in view of their challenging syntheses.

Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Indole C2-Allylation.

The enantioselective intermolecular C2-allylation of 3-substituted indoles is reported for the first time. This directing group-free approach relies on a chiral Ir-(P, olefin) complex and Mg(ClO ) Lewis acid catalyst system to promote allylic substitution, providing the C2-allylated products in typically high yields (40-99 %) and enantioselectivities (83-99 % ee) with excellent regiocontrol. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via direct C2-allylation, rather than C3-allylation followed by in situ migration.

Modular Synthesis of Polycyclic Alkaloid Scaffolds via an Enantioselective Dearomative Cascade.

The polycyclic core of the akuammiline alkaloids can be synthesized from simple tryptamine and tryptophol derivatives via a Ag(I)-catalyzed enantioselective dearomative cyclization cascade sequence. The complex tetracyclic scaffolds are prepared via a rapid, versatile, three-step modular synthesis from simple commercially available indole derivatives in high yields and enantiomeric excess (up to 99% yield and >99% ).

Indole Synthesis Using Silver Catalysis.

Indoles are amongst the most important classes of heteroaromatics in organic chemistry, commonly found in biologically active natural products and therapeutically useful compounds. The synthesis of indoles is therefore important and several methods for their synthesis that make use of silver(I) catalysts and reagents have been developed in recent years. This Minireview contains, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive coverage of silver-mediated indole forming reactions since the first reaction of this type was reported in 2004.

Preparation and Reactions of Indoleninyl Halides: Scaffolds for the Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indole Derivatives.

The dearomatization of 2-haloindole precursors allows access to indoleninyl halides, a hitherto underexploited functional handle with broad synthetic utility. Indoleninyl iodides have been shown to react via three distinct modes: hydrolysis, nucleophilic substitution, and cross-coupling. This allows a broad array of functionalized spirocyclic indole derivatives to be generated from a common starting material.

Dearomatisation approaches to spirocyclic dienones via the electrophilic activation of alkynes.

Two complementary dearomatising spirocyclisation protocols to generate spirocyclic dienones from anisole and phenol-tethered ynones are described, each proceeding via electrophilic alkyne activation. The first approach focuses on the spirocyclisation of para-substituted anisoles using either SnCl·2HO or Cu(OTf). The second approach, which enables the spirocyclisation of both ortho- and para-substituted phenols, uses silica-supported AgNO to generate similar scaffolds with much greater efficiency.

Silica-Supported Silver Nitrate as a Highly Active Dearomatizing Spirocyclization Catalyst: Synergistic Alkyne Activation by Silver Nanoparticles and Silica.

Silica-supported AgNO (AgNO -SiO ) catalyzes the dearomatizing spirocyclization of alkyne-tethered aromatics far more effectively than the analogous unsupported reagent; in many cases, reactions which fail using unsupported AgNO proceed effectively with AgNO -SiO . Mechanistic studies indicate that this is a consequence of silver nanoparticle formation on the silica surface combined with a synergistic effect caused by the silica support itself. The remarkable ease with which the reagent can be prepared and used is likely to be of much synthetic importance, in particular, by making nanoparticle catalysis more accessible to non-specialists.

Catalyst-Driven Scaffold Diversity: Selective Synthesis of Spirocycles, Carbazoles and Quinolines from Indolyl Ynones.

Medicinally relevant spirocyclic indolenines, carbazoles and quinolines can each be directly synthesised selectively from common indolyl ynone starting materials by catalyst variation. The high yielding, divergent reactions all proceed by an initial dearomatising spirocyclisation reaction to generate an intermediate vinyl-metal species, which then rearranges selectively by careful choice of catalyst and reaction conditions.