A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Modified Cystoscopy Technique using the Peak-End Rule in order to Improve Pain and Anxiety.

Objective: To determine if a modified cystoscopy technique utilizing the peak-end rule cognitive bias decreases pain and anxiety during flexible cystoscopy in patients who undergo cystoscopy.

Methods: A total of 85 participants undergoing their first diagnostic cystoscopy were enrolled in a blinded single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Patients with lower urinary tract abnormalities, prior radiation and chronic pelvic pain were excluded.

Assessing gender trends in Canadian urology.

Introduction: The number of female medical students and physicians entering the workforce is increasing. Despite this trend, some surgical specialties are still considered male-dominant. Urology has a significant male predominance in both residency and independent practice.