An updated review of popular dietary patterns during pregnancy and lactation: Trends, benefits, and challenges.

This review examines nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on the critical nutrients required for both maternal and fetal health. Essential nutrients such as folic acid, vitamin D, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids play a significant role in supporting fetal development and minimizing the risk of complications like gestational diabetes, hypertension, and preterm birth. Various dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, and gluten-free diets, were evaluated for their adequacy and potential benefits.

The role of vitamin D deficiency in placental dysfunction: A systematic review.

Introduction: Vitamin D plays a critical role in pregnancy, supporting placental function via angiogenesis, immune regulation, and nutrient transport. Deficiency in vitamin D during gestation is associated with complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth. However, the mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to placental dysfunction remain inadequately understood, highlighting the need for systematic evaluation.