Good Friends and Good Neighbors: Social Capital and Food Insecurity in Families with Newborns.

Objective: To examine the association between social capital and household food insecurity among US families with newborns.

Study Design: This cross-sectional analysis used enrollment data from 881 newborn-caregiver dyads at 6 geographically-diverse US academic sites enrolled in the Greenlight Plus Trial, a comparative effectiveness trial to prevent childhood obesity. Ordinal proportional-odds models were used to characterize the associations of 2 self-reported measures of social capital: (1) caregiver social support and (2) neighborhood social cohesion, with household food insecurity after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

The Effect of an Obesity Prevention Intervention Among Specific Subpopulations: A Heterogeneity of Treatment Effect Analysis of the Greenlight Trial.

Understanding how different populations respond to a childhood obesity intervention could help optimize personalized treatment strategies, especially with the goal to reduce disparities in obesity. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Greenlight Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, a health communication focused pediatric obesity prevention trial, to evaluate for heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) by child biological sex, caregiver BMI, caregiver reported race and ethnicity, primary language, and health literacy. To examine HTE on BMI z-score from 2 to 24 months of age, we fit linear mixed effects models.

The Injury Prevention Program to Reduce Early Childhood Injuries: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Background And Objectives: The American Academy of Pediatrics designed The Injury Prevention Program (TIPP) in 1983 to help pediatricians prevent unintentional injuries, but TIPP's effectiveness has never been formally evaluated. We sought to evaluate the impact of TIPP on reported injuries in the first 2 years of life.

Methods: We conducted a stratified, cluster-randomized trial at 4 academic medical centers: 2 centers trained their pediatric residents and implemented TIPP screening and counseling materials at all well-child checks (WCCs) for ages 2 to 24 months, and 2 centers implemented obesity prevention.

Hormonal Contraception and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease in Women with HIV.

We sought to determine the association of hormonal contraception (HC) and cardiometabolic outcomes among women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We included women with HIV aged 18-45 years in clinical care in the Southeastern United States between 1998 and 2018. Oral and injectable HC use was captured from medication records.

Associations Between Gestational Weight Gain, Gestational Diabetes, and Childhood Obesity Incidence.

Introduction: Excessive maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) is strongly correlated with childhood obesity, yet how excess maternal weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) interact to affect early childhood obesity is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether overall and trimester-specific maternal GWG and GDM were associated with obesity in offspring by age 6 years.

Methods: A cohort of 10,335 maternal-child dyads was established from electronic health records.

Characterizing residential mobility among people with HIV in Tennessee and its impact on HIV care outcomes.

Objective: Our objective was to assess the prevalence and patterns of mobility among people with HIV (PWH) in Tennessee and its impact on HIV care outcomes.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: We combined residential address and HIV surveillance data from PWH in Tennessee from 2016 to 2018.

Television Time, Especially During Meals, Is Associated With Less Healthy Dietary Practices in Toddlers.

Background: While several studies examine the relationship between screen time and dietary practices in children and teenagers, there is limited research in toddlers. This study evaluates the association between television (TV) exposure and dietary practices in 2-year-old children.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, secondary data analysis from the Greenlight Intervention Study.

Variation in missed doses and reasons for discontinuation of anti-tuberculosis drugs during hospital treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa.

Background: Updated World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines prioritize all-oral drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) regimens. Several poorly tolerated drugs, such as amikacin and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), remain treatment options for DR-TB in WHO-recommended longer regimens as Group C drugs. Incomplete treatment with anti-TB drugs increases the risk of treatment failure, relapse, and death.

Relationships Between Patient Race and Residential Race Context With Missed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Visits in the United States, 2010-2015.

Background: Racial inequities exist in retention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and multilevel analyses are needed to contextualize and address these differences. Leveraging data from a multisite clinical cohort of people with HIV (PWH), we assessed the relationships between patient race and residential characteristics with missed HIV care visits.

Methods: Medical record and patient-reported outcome (PRO; including mental health and substance-use measures) data were drawn from 7 participating Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) sites including N = 20 807 PWH from January 2010 through December 2015.

Multiwave validation sampling for error-prone electronic health records.

Electronic health record (EHR) data are increasingly used for biomedical research, but these data have recognized data quality challenges. Data validation is necessary to use EHR data with confidence, but limited resources typically make complete data validation impossible. Using EHR data, we illustrate prospective, multiwave, two-phase validation sampling to estimate the association between maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the risks of her child developing obesity or asthma.

High mortality among patients hospitalized for drug-resistant tuberculosis with acquired second-line drug resistance and high HIV prevalence.

Objectives: We compared mortality between HIV-positive and HIV-negative South African adults with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and high incidence of acquired second-line drug resistance.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of DR-TB patients with serial second-line TB drug susceptibility tests (2008-2015) who were hospitalized at a specialized TB hospital. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox models to examine associations with mortality.

Tissue Sodium in Patients With Early Stage Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Sodium (Na) stored in skin and muscle tissue is associated with essential hypertension. Sodium magnetic resonance imaging is a validated method of quantifying tissue stores of Na. In this study, we evaluated tissue Na in patients with elevated blood pressure or stage I hypertension in response to diuretic therapy or low Na diet.

Low Rates of Contraception Use in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Women with human immunodeficiency virus (WWH) have low rates of hormonal or long-acting contraceptive use. Few studies have described contraception use among WWH over time.

Methods: We examined contraception (including all forms of hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, and bilateral tubal ligations) use among cisgender women aged 18-45 years in care at Vanderbilt's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1998 through 2018.

CD4/CD8 Ratio and Cancer Risk Among Adults With HIV.

Background: Independent of CD4 cell count, a low CD4/CD8 ratio in people with HIV (PWH) is associated with deleterious immune senescence, activation, and inflammation, which may contribute to carcinogenesis and excess cancer risk. We examined whether low CD4/CD8 ratios predicted cancer among PWH in the United States and Canada.

Methods: We examined all cancer-free PWH with 1 or more CD4/CD8 values from North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design observational cohorts with validated cancer diagnoses between 1998 and 2016.

Development and Validation of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Missed HIV Health Care Provider Visits in a Large US Clinical Cohort.

Background: Identifying individuals at high risk of missing HIV care provider visits could support proactive intervention. Previous prediction models for missed visits have not incorporated data beyond the individual level.

Methods: We developed prediction models for missed visits among people with HIV (PWH) with ≥1 follow-up visit in the Center for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems from 2010 to 2016.

A Health-Literacy Intervention for Early Childhood Obesity Prevention: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background And Objectives: Children who become overweight by age 2 have greater risk of long-term obesity and health problems. The study aim was to assess the effectiveness of a primary care-based intervention on the prevalence of overweight at age 24 months.

Methods: In a cluster-randomized trial, sites were randomly assigned to the Greenlight intervention or an attention-control arm.

Infant Television Watching Predicts Toddler Television Watching in a Low-Income Population.

Objective: This study examines the development of active television (TV) watching behaviors across the first 2 years of life in a racially and ethnically diverse, low-income cohort and identifies caregiver and child predictors of early TV watching.

Methods: We used longitudinal data from infants enrolled in the active control group (N = 235; 39% Latino; 29% Black; 15% White) of Greenlight, a cluster randomized multisite trial to prevent childhood obesity. At preventive health visits from 2 months to 2 years, caregivers were asked: "How much time does [child's first name] spend watching television each day?" Proportional odds models and linear regression analyses were used to assess associations among TV introduction age, active TV watching amount at 2 years, and sociodemographic factors.

Risk of Incident Diabetes Mellitus, Weight Gain, and Their Relationships With Integrase Inhibitor-Based Initial Antiretroviral Therapy Among Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States and Canada.

Background: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with greater weight gain among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), though metabolic consequences, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are unclear. We examined the impact of initial cART regimen and weight on incident DM in a large North American HIV cohort (NA-ACCORD).

Methods: cART-naive adults (≥18 years) initiating INSTI-, protease inhibitor (PI)-, or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens from January 2007 through December 2017 who had weight measured 12 (±6) months after treatment initiation contributed time until clinical DM, virologic failure, cART regimen switch, administrative close, death, or loss to follow-up.

Nephrology Provider Surprise Question Response and Hospitalizations in Older Adults with Advanced CKD.

Background: Older adults with advanced non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) face a high risk of hospitalization and related adverse events.

Methods: This prospective cohort study followed nephrology clinic patients ≥60 years old with NDD-CKD stages 4-5. After an eligible patient's office visit, study staff asked the patient's provider to rate the patient's risk of death within the next year using the surprise question ("Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?") with a 5-point Likert scale response (1, "definitely not surprised" to 5, "very surprised").

A Description of Risk Factors for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Southern Community Cohort Study: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, total fat and folate intake have been associated with NAFLD. We investigated risk factors for NAFLD among individuals of largely low socioeconomic status, and whether these associations differed by race.

The Partnership to Improve Diabetes Education Trial: a Cluster Randomized Trial Addressing Health Communication in Diabetes Care.

Background: Effective type 2 diabetes care remains a challenge for patients including those receiving primary care in safety net settings.

Objective: The Partnership to Improve Diabetes Education (PRIDE) trial team and leaders from a regional department of health evaluated approaches to improve care for vulnerable patients.

Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial.

Factors associated with antidepressant use among low-income racially and ethnically diverse patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Depression is common in patients with type 2 diabetes and associated with poor diabetes-related outcomes. We evaluated the factors associated with antidepressant use in a low-income, racially and ethnically diverse sample of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of baseline data from participants in a cluster randomized trial evaluating a health literacy intervention for diabetes care in safety net clinics.

The Surprise Question and Self-Rated Health Are Useful Screens for Frailty and Disability in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Self-rated health (SRH) and the surprise question (SQ) capture perceptions of health and are independent risk factors for poor outcomes. Little is known about their association with physiologic and functional decline. Determine the association of SRH and SQ with frailty and functional status in older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their utility as screening tools.