mA demethylase Alkbh3 regulates neurogenesis through mA demethylation of Mmp15 mRNA.

Background: N-Methyladenosine (mA) is an abundant modification of transcripts regulating mRNA structure and translation efficiency. However, the characteristics and biological functions of mRNA mA modification in adult hippocampal neurogenesis remain enigmatic.

Results: We found that mA demethylase Alkbh3 was dramatically enriched in neurons and neuronal genesis.

Identification of candidate genes associated with clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease.

Background And Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, with its pathology like beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau beginning several years before the clinical onset. The aim is to identify genetic risk factors associated with the onset of AD.

Methods: We collected three microarray data of post-mortem brains of AD patients and the healthy from the GEO database and screened differentially expressed genes between AD and healthy control.

Mettl3-mediated m A modification of Lrp2 facilitates neurogenesis through Ythdc2 and elicits antidepressant-like effects.

N -methyladenosine (m A) is the most abundant mRNA modification affecting diverse biological processes. However, the functions and precise mechanisms of m A signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neurogenesis-related depression remain largely enigmatic. We found that depletion of Mettl3 or Mettl14 in neural stem cells (NSCs) dramatically reduced m A abundance, proliferation, and neuronal genesis, coupled with enhanced glial differentiation.

Gadd45g, A Novel Antidepressant Target, Mediates Metformin-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Via DNA Demethylation.

Increased neurogenesis elicits antidepressive-like effects. The antidiabetic drug metformin (Met) reportedly promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, which ameliorates spatial memory deficits and depression-like behaviors. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underpinning Met-induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) remain unclear.

PPARβ mediates mangiferin-induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells through DNA demethylation.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The mangiferin (MGF), a bioactive compound of the mango, reportedly produces biological effects on a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of MGF in regulating hippocampal neurogenesis remain unknown.

Microglia and immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease.

Microglia are a type of glial cells that play a key role in the repair of damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In the pathological condition of Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid peptide and a variety of pro-inflammatory factors can activate microglia, resulting in the secretion of a variety of inflammatory factors and neurotoxins. This leads to neuronal damage and even apoptosis, thus triggering AD.

Neuregulin 1/ErbB4 signaling contributes to the anti-epileptic effects of the ketogenic diet.

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) has been recognized as a potentially effective therapy to treat neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Previous studies have indicated that KD treatment elevates γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) levels in both human and murine brains, which presumably contributes to the KD's anti-seizure effects. However, this has not been systematically investigated at the synaptic level, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

Functional validation of a human GLUD2 variant in a murine model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by Lewy body formation and progressive dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra (SN). Genetic susceptibility is a strong risk factor for PD. Previously, a rare gain-of-function variant of GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase (T1492G) was reported to be associated with early onset in male PD patients; however, the function and underlying mechanism of this variant remains elusive.

Urolithin A Prevents Focal Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Attenuating Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation in Mice.

Neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal death in cerebral ischemia. Urolithin A (UA), a gut microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. However, its roles and precise mechanisms in stroke remain unknown.

Anti-depression effects of ketogenic diet are mediated via the restoration of microglial activation and neuronal excitability in the lateral habenula.

Depression is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, of which the underlying pathological mechanisms remain unclear. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been reported to exhibit preventative effects on depressive-like behaviors in rodents. However, the therapeutic effects of KD on depressive-like behaviors have not been illustrated thus far.

Social Company by a Receptive Mating Partner Facilitates Fear Extinction.

Fear extinction remains an unresolved challenge for behavioral exposure therapy in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous reports have suggested that social support from either familiar or unfamiliar same-sex partners is beneficial to attenuating fear responses during fear extinction and renewal. Despite that, few studies have examined the effects of social support in advance on fear extinction and/or retrieval.

Neural stem cell transplantation improves learning and memory by protecting cholinergic neurons and restoring synaptic impairment in an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age‑related neurodegenerative disorder. It is featured by the progressive accumulation of β‑amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This can eventually lead to a decrease of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain.

Localization of area prostriata and its connections with primary visual cortex in rodent.

Area prostriata (Pro) has been found to play important roles in the rapid processing of moving stimuli in the far peripheral visual field. However, the specific neural substrates responsible for these functions remain unknown. In this study, we first examined the location, extent, and topography of the rodent equivalent of the primate Pro based on cytoarchitecture and molecular markers.

Synergistic effects of combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines on spatial cognition and hippocampal plasticity in rats.

Previous study has demonstrated the neurobeneficial role of BCG and influenza vaccines. Based on this, our study concentrated on the synergistic effects on development of central nervous system by combined vaccination with BCG and influenza vaccines in rats. Our results displayed that pups combinedly vaccinated with BCG and influenza vaccines showed a significant enhance in spatial cognition, induction of LTP, hippocampal neurogenesis and morphology of dendritic spines compared with pups vaccinated with BCG solely.

Urolithin A attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neuroinflammation, and impaired neurogenesis. Urolithin A (UA), a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in the brain. However, it is unknown whether UA exerts its properties of anti-inflammation and neuronal protection in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model of AD.

The effect of ketogenic diet on behaviors and synaptic functions of naive mice.

Introduction: Beyond its application as an epilepsy therapy, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been considered a potential treatment for a variety of other neurological and metabolic disorders. However, whether KD promotes functional restoration by reducing the pathological processes underlying individual diseases or through some independent mechanisms is not clear.

Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect of KD on a series of behaviors and synaptic functions of young adult naive mice.

JAK2/STAT3 signaling mediates IL-6-inhibited neurogenesis of neural stem cells through DNA demethylation/methylation.

Neuroinflammation, considered as a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been demonstrated to affect hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to modulate neurogenesis. However, the mechanisms are still largely unknown.

Neogenin in Amygdala for Neuronal Activity and Information Processing.

Fear learning and memory are vital for livings to survive, dysfunctions in which have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Appropriate neuronal activation in amygdala is critical for fear memory. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood.

Netrin-1 attenuates brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion via downregulation of astrocyte activation in mice.

Background: Netrin-1 functions largely via combined receptors and downstream effectors. Evidence has shown that astrocytes express netrin-1 receptors, including DCC and UNC5H2. However, whether netrin-1 influences the function of astrocytes was previously unknown.

Effect of leukocyte inhibitory factor on neuron differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursor cells.

Direct derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into neural precursor cells and differentiation of these into neurons holds great promise in the cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the availability and survival rate of neurons requires improvement. In the present study, it was found that the addition of 5 ng/ml leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) during the process of differentiation significantly improved the expression of neuron‑specific class III β‑tubulin (TUJ1) and microtubule‑associated protein 2 (MAP2), as detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting.

Metformin treatment prevents amyloid plaque deposition and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice.

Alzheimer'sdisease(AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ)plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, andneuronal loss, accompaniedbyneuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatoryprocesses are thought to contribute toAD pathophysiology. Metformin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory efficacy.

NF-B pathway link with ER stress-induced autophagy and apoptosis in cervical tumor cells.

Targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being investigated for its anticancer effect in various cancers, including cervical cancer. However, the molecular pathways whereby ER stress mediates cell death remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we confirmed that ER stress triggered by compounds such as brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin (TM), and thapsigargin (TG) leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cervical cancer cell lines, which is characterized by elevated levels of inositol-requiring kinase 1, glucose-regulated protein-78, and C/EBP homologous protein, and swelling of the ER observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

miR‑146b‑5p promotes the neural conversion of pluripotent stem cells by targeting Smad4.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are regarded as potential sources that provide specific neural cells for cell therapy in some nervous system diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the neural differentiation of PSCs remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of small non‑pro-tein-coding RNAs that act as critical regulatory molecules in many cellular processes.