Marine biofilms: cyanobacteria factories for the global oceans.

Unlabelled: Marine biofilms were newly revealed as a giant microbial diversity pool for global oceans. However, the cyanobacterial diversity in marine biofilms within the upper seawater column and its ecological and evolutionary implications remains undetermined. Here, we reconstructed a full picture of modern marine cyanobacteria habitats by re-analyzing 9.

Novel marine natural products as effective TRPV1 channel blockers.

Chronic pain management poses a formidable challenge to healthcare, exacerbated by current analgesic options' limitations and adverse effects. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel, has emerged as a promising target for novel analgesics. However, safety and tolerability concerns have constrained the development of TRPV1 modulators.

Mode of action of antimicrobial agents albofungins in eradicating penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant biofilm.

Albofungin is a promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound against multidrug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, we further investigated albofungin's biofilm eradication activity and its potential mode of action against drug-resistant . Among all derivatives, albofungin exhibited the best antibiofilm and antibacterial activity with rapid killing effects at 0.

Mode of action of antifouling compound albofungin in inhibiting barnacle larval settlement.

Marine biofouling causes huge economic losses to the marine industry every year. Albofungin is a potential antifoulant showing strong anti-macrofouling activities against larval settlement of major fouling organisms. In the present study, directed RNA-seq and proteomic analyses were used to investigate changes in the transcriptome and proteome of a major fouling barnacle cyprids in response to albofungin treatment.

Pterosin sesquiterpenoids from Pteris laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. protect cells from glutamate excitotoxicity by modulating mitochondrial signals.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The genus Pteris (Pteridaceae) has been used as a traditional herb for a long time. In particular, Pteris laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh.

Driving axon regeneration by orchestrating neuronal and non-neuronal innate immune responses via the IFNγ-cGAS-STING axis.

The coordination mechanism of neural innate immune responses for axon regeneration is not well understood. Here, we showed that neuronal deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 sustains the IFNγ-STAT1 activity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to promote axon regeneration after injury, independent of mTOR or STAT3. DNA-damage-induced cGAMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STINGs) activation is the functional downstream signaling.

Selective G-Quadruplex-Binding Small Molecules Ameliorate Pathological Signatures of ALS/FTD Models.

The G-quadruplex (G4) forming GGGGCC (G4C2) expanded hexanucleotide repeat (EHR) is the predominant genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Developing selective G4-binding ligands is challenging due to the conformational polymorphism and similarity of G4 structures. We identified three first-in-class marine natural products, chrexanthomycin A (), chrexanthomycin B (), and chrexanthomycin C (), with remarkable bioactivities.

Mode of action of elasnin as biofilm formation eradicator of methicillin-resistant .

Biofilm is made up of microbes and their extracellular matrix, making microorganisms highly tolerant, resistant, and resilient to a wide range of antimicrobials. Biofilm treatment with conventional antimicrobial agents can accelerate the evolution and spread of resistance due to the reduced efficacy and increased gene transfer and differentiation within biofilms. Therefore, effective biofilm-targeting compounds are currently highly sought after.

Discovery, Yield Improvement, and Application in Marine Coatings of Potent Antifouling Compounds Albofungins Targeting Multiple Fouling Organisms.

Marine biofouling caused huge economic losses of maritime industries. We aim to develop high-efficient, less-toxic, and cost-effective antifoulants to solve the problems of biofouling. In this study, we described the antifouling compounds albofungin and its derivatives (albofungin A, chrestoxanthone A, and chloroalbofungin) isolated from the metabolites of bacterium BCC 24770, the construction of high-yield strains for albofungin production, and application of albofungin-based antifouling coatings.

[Review on the mechanism of acupuncture therapy for regulating synaptic plasticity in treatment of ischemic stroke].

Acupuncture has an unique advantage in treatment of ischemic stroke, which not only promotes the repair of synaptic structure and function, but also regulates the transmission of neurotransmitters and receptors, as well as induces glial cell to repair neurons, and then to protect them. At present, the mechanism study on acupuncture for advancing synaptic plasticity in cerebral ischemia is of the high priority. In the paper, from the following three aspects, i.

Marine biofilms: diversity, interactions and biofouling.

Marine biofilms are ubiquitous in the marine environment. These complex microbial communities rapidly respond to environmental changes and encompass hugely diverse microbial structures, functions and metabolisms. Nevertheless, knowledge is limited on the microbial community structures and functions of natural marine biofilms and their influence on global geochemical cycles.

The mechanisms through which auricular vagus nerve stimulation protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Previous studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation can improve patients' locomotor function. The stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve, which is the only superficial branch of the vagus nerve, may have similar effects to vagus nerve stimulation. However, the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Global Genome Mining Reveals a Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Cyclization of Crownlike Cyclodipeptides with Neuroprotective Activity.

We conducted global genome mining of 162,672 bacterial genomes and identified 829 cyclodipeptide (CDP) biosynthesis gene clusters (BGC) containing a cytochrome P450 gene. Heterologous expression of BGC from DSM 44795 led to the identification of two novel crownlike CDPs, cyctetryptomycin A () and B (), which possess unprecedented complex macrocycle and show neuroprotective activity. The two cytochrome P450s found in the BGC catalyze sequential reactions leading to the cyclization of diketopiperazine dimers.

Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Is Associated With Upregulation of Cofilin-1 in the Motor Cortex.

Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death. Reperfusion is a critical stage after thrombolysis or thrombectomy, accompanied by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and defects in synapse structure. The process is closely related to the dephosphorylation of actin-binding proteins (e.

Discovery, Bioactivity Evaluation, Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Identification, and Heterologous Expression of Novel Albofungin Derivatives.

The crude extract of exhibited strong and broad activities against most "ESKAPE pathogens." We conducted a comprehensive chemical investigation for secondary metabolites from the strain and identified two novel albofungin () derivatives, i.e.

Hologenome analysis reveals dual symbiosis in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent snail Gigantopelta aegis.

Animals endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents often form obligatory symbioses with bacteria, maintained by intricate host-symbiont interactions. Most genomic studies on holobionts have not investigated both sides to similar depths. Here, we report dual symbiosis in the peltospirid snail Gigantopelta aegis with two gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts: a sulfur oxidiser and a methane oxidiser.

ATM loss disrupts the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.

ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein is found associated with multiple organelles including synaptic vesicles, endosomes and lysosomes, often in cooperation with ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related). Mutation of the gene results in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disorder with defects in multiple organs including the nervous system. Precisely how ATM deficiency leads to the complex phenotypes of A-T, however, remains elusive.

Age-related hyperinsulinemia leads to insulin resistance in neurons and cell-cycle-induced senescence.

Prediabetes and Alzheimer's disease both increase in prevalence with age. The former is a risk factor for the latter, but a mechanistic linkage between them remains elusive. We show that prediabetic serum hyperinsulinemia is reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid and that this chronically elevated insulin renders neurons resistant to insulin.

ATM is activated by ATP depletion and modulates mitochondrial function through NRF1.

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation of the gene and is characterized by loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, neurons with high physiological activity and dynamic ATP demands. Here, we show that depletion of ATP generates reactive oxygen species that activate ATM. We find that when ATM is activated by oxidative stress, but not by DNA damage, ATM phosphorylates NRF1.

DNA damage-associated oligodendrocyte degeneration precedes amyloid pathology and contributes to Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

Introduction: In looking for novel non-amyloid-based etiologies for Alzheimer's disease, we explore the hypothesis that age-related myelin loss is an attractive explanation for age-associated cognitive decline and dementia.

Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of data in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database accompanied by quantitative histopathology of myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) in frontal cortices of 24 clinically characterized individuals. Pathological findings were further validated in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and in culture.

ATM and ATR play complementary roles in the behavior of excitatory and inhibitory vesicle populations.

ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) are large PI3 kinases whose human mutations result in complex syndromes that include a compromised DNA damage response (DDR) and prominent nervous system phenotypes. Both proteins are nuclear-localized in keeping with their DDR functions, yet both are also found in cytoplasm, including on neuronal synaptic vesicles. In ATM- or ATR-deficient neurons, spontaneous vesicle release is reduced, but a drop in ATM or ATR level also slows FM4-64 dye uptake.

Multicolor 4D Fluorescence Microscopy using Ultrathin Bessel Light Sheets.

We demonstrate a simple and efficient method for producing ultrathin Bessel ('non-diffracting') light sheets of any color using a line-shaped beam and an annulus filter. With this robust and cost-effective technology, we obtained two-color, 3D images of biological samples with lateral/axial resolution of 250 nm/400 nm, and high-speed, 4D volume imaging of 20 μm sized live sample at 1 Hz temporal resolution.

ATM protein is located on presynaptic vesicles and its deficit leads to failures in synaptic plasticity.

Ataxia telangiectasia is a multisystemic disorder that includes a devastating neurodegeneration phenotype. The ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein is well-known for its role in the DNA damage response, yet ATM is also found in association with cytoplasmic vesicular structures: endosomes and lysosomes, as well as neuronal synaptic vesicles. In keeping with this latter association, electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway in hippocampal slices from ATM-deficient mice does not elicit normal long-term potentiation (LTP).

A user-friendly two-color super-resolution localization microscope.

We report a robust two-color method for super-resolution localization microscopy. Two-dye combination of Alexa647 and Alexa750 in an imaging buffer containing COT and using TCEP as switching regent provides matched and balanced switching characteristics for both dyes, allowing simultaneous capture of both on a single camera. Active sample locking stabilizes sample with 1nm accuracy during imaging.

Research on the infiltration processes of lawn soils of the Babao River in the Qilian Mountain.

Using a Guelph Permeameter, the soil water infiltration processes were analyzed in the Babao River of the Qilian Mountain in China. The results showed that the average soil initial infiltration and the steady infiltration rates in the upstream reaches of the Babao River are 1.93 and 0.