The Interplay of Comorbidities in Chronic Heart Failure: Challenges and Solutions.

Background: Chronic heart failure (HF) is frequently associated with various comorbidities. These comorbid conditions, such as anemia, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, and sleep apnea, can significantly impact the prognosis of patients with HF.

Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the prevalence, impact, and management of comorbidities in patients with chronic HF.

The Influence of Sex, Age, and Race on Coronary Artery Disease: A Narrative Review.

Cardiovascular disease has remained one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The basic pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) is a reduction of the blood flow in coronary vessels, leading to restricted blood flow to the heart muscle. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to its multifactorial etiology.