The origin and development of plaques and phosphorylated tau are associated with axonopathy in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: The production of neurotoxic β-amyloid and the formation of hyperphosphorylated tau are thought to be critical steps contributing to the neuropathological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there remains an argument as to their importance in the onset of AD. Recent studies have shown that axonopathy is considered as an early stage of AD.

[Changes of cyclin D1 expression following human brain contusion].

Objective: To study the relationships of Cyclin D1 expression with the posttraumatic intervals (PTI) following the cerebra, brainstem or cerebella contusion in human.

Methods: 88 cases of brain contusions of the closed head injury were investigated with pathological and Cyclin D1 immunohistochemistry methods. The results were analyzed by image analysis technique (IAT).