MUC1 expression is associated with ST3GAL2 and negatively correlated with the androgen receptor in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) is a developmentally regulated antigen, while expression level of SSEA-4 and / or its synthase ST3GAL2 is associated with prognosis in various malignancies. We have reported a prominent increase of SSEA-4 in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its negative correlation with the androgen receptor (AR). Meanwhile, loss of AR has increased to approximately 30% with the growing use of androgen receptor signaling inhibitor for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC).

Increased level of serum leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Background: Currently, no useful serum markers exist for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), making early detection challenging as diagnosis relies solely on imaging tests. Radiation exposure is also a concern due to multiple required CT examinations during treatment. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histological types include ccRCC and non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC); however, treatment response to medications varies which necessitates accurate differentiation between the two.

Urine Lactoferrin as a Potential Biomarker Reflecting the Degree of Malignancy in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder.

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is potentially life-threatening; therefore, we aimed to discover a novel urine biomarker for diagnosis and prognostication of UCB. This is a retrospective case-control study. Exploration of a new biomarker using urine from 20 UCB patients in the present study revealed that urinary level of lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional glycoprotein released from neutrophils, was higher in 11 of 15 with invasive/high-grade UCB than 5 with non-invasive one, and 2 healthy adults.