Insecticide Resistance and Metabolic Mechanisms in from Two Agrosystems (Vegetable and Cotton Crops) in Côte d'Ivoire.

The emergence of insecticide resistance in vectors mosquitoes poses a real challenge for arboviral-borne disease control. In Côte d'Ivoire, data are available on phenotypic resistance and the presence of kdr mutations in . Therefore, information on metabolic resistance in populations is very scarce.

High vectorial transmission of malaria in urban and rural settings in the northern, western and eastern regions of Côte d'Ivoire.

Background & Objectives: Malaria remains a public health problem in Côte d'Ivoire. To cope with this issue, the Ministry of Health established strategies through Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and artemisinin-based medicines. To better understand the influence of periodic mass distribution of LLINs on malaria transmission, this entomological survey was conducted in three regions of Côte d'Ivoire.

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Ecology in Rubber Plantations and Rural Villages in Dabou (Côte d'Ivoire).

In Côte d'Ivoire, rubber cultivation has more than doubled since 2010. These mass agricultural areas require a large workforce with little information on how this environment might impact risk of mosquito-borne diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the larval ecology of mosquitoes in rubber areas of Dabou, Côte d'Ivoire.

Diversity of , Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Habitats in Urban Areas and Malaria Transmission in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.

Malaria vectors are supposedly uncommon in urban areas owing to the lack of suitable breeding sites for their development. However, the maintenance in urban areas of traditional rural practices along with humanitarian crisis can create favorable conditions for malaria transmission. This study aimed to provide relevant entomological data on the risk of malaria transmission in the city of Bouaké, after the military-political crisis from 2002 to 2011 in Côte d'Ivoire.

Role of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) in Human Malaria Transmission in Rural Areas of Bouaké, in Côte d'Ivoire.

Studies done in Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire) about 20-yr ago reported that Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles was the major malaria vector.

Vectorial Transmission of Malaria in Major Districts of Côte d'Ivoire.

To better understand the influence of periodic mass distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) on malaria transmission, a 1-yr entomological survey was conducted in three major districts of Côte d'Ivoire. Mosquitoes were sampled by Human Landing Catches (HLC) in urban and rural areas of San Pedro and Abidjan (coastal), and in Yamoussoukro (central). Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and by molecular methods.

The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.

Background: Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouaké, after the crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An.

Sustaining Control of Schistosomiasis Mansoni in Western Côte d'Ivoire: Results from a SCORE Study, One Year after Initial Praziquantel Administration.

Background: The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) has launched several large-scale trials to determine the best strategies for gaining and sustaining control of schistosomiasis and transitioning toward elimination. In Côte d'Ivoire, a 5-year cluster-randomized trial is being implemented in 75 schools to sustain the control of schistosomiasis mansoni. We report Schistosoma mansoni infection levels in children one year after the initial school-based treatment (SBT) with praziquantel and compare with baseline results to determine the effect of the intervention.

Sustaining the Control of Schistosoma mansoni in Western Côte d'Ivoire: Baseline Findings Before the Implementation of a Randomized Trial.

We report baseline findings before the implementation of a 4-year intervention trial designed to assess the impact of three different school-based treatment schedules with praziquantel to sustain the control of intestinal schistosomiasis. The baseline survey was conducted in 75 schools of western Côte d'Ivoire previously identified with moderate Schistosoma mansoni endemicity (prevalence: 10-24% in children aged 13-14 years). Three stool samples collected over consecutive days were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears each.

The spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection in four regions of western Côte d'Ivoire.

Schistosomiasis poses a considerable public health burden in sub- Saharan Africa and a sound understanding of the spatial distribution facilitates to better target control interventions. The objectives of this study were i) to assess the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among school-aged children in four regions of western Côte d'Ivoire; ii) to determine demographic, climatic and environmental factors that influence the distribution of S. mansoni; and iii) to map and predict the distribution of S.

Sustaining control of schistosomiasis mansoni in moderate endemicity areas in western Côte d'Ivoire: a SCORE study protocol.

Background: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that occurs in the tropics and subtropics. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel. In Africa, an estimated 230 million people require preventive chemotherapy.

Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Clerodendrum splendens: beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Background: Extracts of leaves from Clerodendrum have been used for centuries to treat a variety of medicinal problems in tropical Africa. However, little is known about the high-molecular weight active components conferring therapeutic properties to these extracts.

Methods: Polysaccharides from the leaves of Clerodendrum splendens were extracted and fractionated by ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography.

Immunomodulatory and hemagglutinating activities of acidic polysaccharides isolated from Combretum racemosum.

Extracts of leaves of different species of the genus Combretum have been used historically to treat a variety of medicinal problems. However, little is known about the active components conferring therapeutic properties to these extracts. In the present studies, we evaluated biochemical properties and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from the leaves of Combretum racemosum.

Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Alchornea cordifolia.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Extracts of leaves from different species of the genus Alchornea have been used for centuries to treat a variety of medicinal problems in tropical Africa. However, little is known about the high-molecular weight active components conferring therapeutic properties to these extracts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia.

Prevalence and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia among schoolchildren in Agboville area (Côte d'Ivoire).

Background: New efforts are being made to improve understanding of the epidemiology of the helminths and intensifying the control efforts against these parasites. In contrast, relatively few studies are being carried out in this direction for the intestinal protozoa. To contribute to a better comprehension of the epidemiology of the intestinal protozoa, prevalence, and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia, and their association with drinking water supplies, were determined in the Agboville department in southeast Côte d'Ivoire.

Spatial risk profiling of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area in Côte d'Ivoire.

Background: The objective of this study was to identify demographic, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors and spatial patterns of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area of Africa, and to specify how this information can facilitate improved malaria control at the district level.

Methods: A questionnaire was administered to about 4,000 schoolchildren in 55 schools in western Côte d'Ivoire to determine children's socioeconomic status and their habit of sleeping under bed nets. Environmental data were obtained from satellite images, digitized ground maps and a second questionnaire addressed to school directors.

[Prevalence and polyparasitism of intestinal protozoa and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and Giardia intestinalis from pupils in the rural zone of Man in Côte d'Ivoire].

Diseases caused by environmental contamination by micro-organisms, including intestinal helminths and protozoa, are prevalent in developing countries. According to some authors, their strong expansion in some zones of these countries is due primarily to favourable climatic conditions, combined with inadequate hygiene measures and cleaning and the generally low socio-economic level. Progress in disease control has resulted from new studies that improve our understanding of the epidemiology of helminthiases and from the availability of simple tools that are inexpensive and effective against these diseases (chemotherapy with albendazole and mebendazole).

Spatially-explicit risk profiling of Plasmodium falciparum infections at a small scale: a geostatistical modelling approach.

Background: There is a renewed political will and financial support to eradicate malaria. Spatially-explicit risk profiling will play an important role in this endeavour. Patterns of Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence were examined among schoolchildren in a highly malaria-endemic area.

Disparities in parasitic infections, perceived ill health and access to health care among poorer and less poor schoolchildren of rural Côte d'Ivoire.

Differences in the state of health between rural and urban populations living in Africa have been described, yet only few studies analysed inequities within poor rural communities. We investigated disparities in parasitic infections, perceived ill health and access to formal health services among more than 4000 schoolchildren from 57 primary schools in a rural area of western Côte d'Ivoire, as measured by their socioeconomic status. In a first step, we carried out a cross-sectional parasitological survey.

Cultivation and properties of Echinamoeba thermarum n. sp., an extremely thermophilic amoeba thriving in hot springs.

Here we describe a new, extremely thermophilic amoeba growing between 33 degrees C and 57 degrees C ( Topt.=50 degrees C). Isolates had been obtained from hot springs at Agnano Terme (Italy), Yellowstone National Park (USA), Kamchatka (Russia), and the Arenal Volcano (Costa Rica).