Basal ganglia components have distinct computational roles in decision-making dynamics under conflict and uncertainty.

The basal ganglia (BG) play a key role in decision-making, preventing impulsive actions in some contexts while facilitating fast adaptations in others. The specific contributions of different BG structures to this nuanced behavior remain unclear, particularly under varying situations of noisy and conflicting information that necessitate ongoing adjustments in the balance between speed and accuracy. Theoretical accounts suggest that dynamic regulation of the amount of evidence required to commit to a decision (a dynamic "decision boundary") may be necessary to meet these competing demands.

Risk Factors for Progressive Disease After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background: This study analyzed the clinical features of patients with recurrent or metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), who developed progressive disease (PD) after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 256 patients with R/M HNSCC treated with ICIs at 11 medical centers. Associations between the treatment outcomes-best response, overall survival, and progression-free survival-and various clinical factors were analyzed.

Association of pre-surgical circulating tumor DNA detection, use of sublobar resection with risk of recurrence in stage I non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Sublobar resection is increasingly recognized as an effective treatment for early-stage NSCLC. However, no studies to date have investigated the potential role of preoperative ctDNA detection in guiding surgical decisions, such as opting for sublobar resection, in stage I NSCLC.

Methods: Patients with solid-dominant (CTR>0.

DOC2b enrichment mitigates proinflammatory cytokine-induced CXCL10 expression by attenuating IKKβ and STAT-1 signaling in human islets.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetic human islet β-cells are deficient in double C 2 like domain beta (DOC2b) protein. Further, DOC2b protects against cytokine-induced pancreatic islet β-cell stress and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms underpinning the protective effects of DOC2b remain unknown.

Cohort profile: Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Rare Pediatric Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases in Korea (OUTSPREAD study).

Rare endocrine diseases are complex conditions that require lifelong specialized care due to their chronic nature and associated long-term complications. In Korea, a lack of nationwide data on clinical practice and outcomes has limited progress in patient care. Therefore, the Multicenter Networks for Ideal Outcomes of Pediatric Rare Endocrine and Metabolic Disease (OUTSPREAD) study was initiated.

Single-molecule analysis reveals that IPMK enhances the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor SRF.

Serum response factor (SRF) is a master transcription factor that regulates immediate early genes and cytoskeletal remodeling genes. Despite its importance, the mechanisms through which SRF stably associates with its cognate promoter remain unknown. Our biochemical and protein-induced fluorescence enhancement analyses showed that the binding of SRF to serum response element was significantly increased by inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), an SRF cofactor.

Discovery of Isograndidentatin D, a Novel Phenolic Glycoside, and Anti- Phenolics from Twigs.

Anderss (Salicaceae), commonly referred to as Korean willow, is native to East Asia, particularly Korea and China, and it has been used in traditional Korean folk medicine for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. In our ongoing research efforts to discover biologically new natural products, phytochemical analysis on an ethanolic extract of twigs yielded the isolation and identification of ten phenolic compounds (-), including a newly discovered phenolic glycoside () named isograndidentatin D, isolated via HPLC purification. The structure of compound was determined through extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data analysis and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS).

DOC2b enrichment mitigates proinflammatory cytokine-induced CXCL10 expression by attenuating IKKβ and STAT-1 signaling in human islets.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetic human islet β-cells are deficient in double C 2 like domain beta (DOC2b) protein. Further, DOC2b protects against cytokine-induced pancreatic islet β-cell stress and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms underpinning the protective effects of DOC2b remain unknown.

Datopotamab Deruxtecan in Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Genomic Alterations: Results From the Phase II TROPION-Lung05 Study.

Purpose: Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) is a trophoblast cell-surface antigen-2-directed antibody-drug conjugate with a highly potent topoisomerase I inhibitor payload. The TROPION-Lung05 phase II trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04484142) evaluated the safety and clinical activity of Dato-DXd in patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with actionable genomic alterations progressing on or after targeted therapy and platinum-based chemotherapy.

Celecoxib is the only nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to inhibit bone progression in spondyloarthritis.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to ankylosis of the axial skeleton. Celecoxib (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, COX-2i) inhibited radiographic progression in a clinical study of SpA, but in the following study, diclofenac (COX-2 non-selective) failed to show that inhibition. Our study aimed to investigate whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibited bone progression in SpA, and whether celecoxib had a unique function (independent of the COX-inhibitor), compared with the other NSAIDs.

Adjuvant sequential chemotherapy for salivary duct carcinomas: a retrospective comparative analysis.

Introduction: This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of adjuvant sequential chemotherapy after definitive treatment of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) compared with the standard treatment alone (surgery with postoperative radiation therapy).

Methods: This was a retrospective study of pathologically confirmed 135 SDC patients (study period 2009 to 2022). After curative surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy, 55 of 135 patients decided to receive additional chemotherapy (OP+RT+Chemo group), while 80 opted for surgery and radiation (OP+RT group).

Genome-wide phenotypic profiling of transcription factors and identification of novel targets to control the virulence of Vibrio vulnificus.

For successful infection, the life-threatening pathogen Vibrio vulnificus elaborately regulates the expression of survival and virulence genes using various transcription factors (TFs). In this study, a library of the V. vulnificus mutants carrying specific signature tags in 285 TF genes was constructed and subjected to 16 phenotypic analyses.

Safety and Efficacy of Two Ultrathin Biodegradable Polymer Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Real-World Practice: Genoss DES Stents Versus Orsiro Stents From a Prospective Registry.

Background: The Orsiro and Genoss DES stents are biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents (DESs) with ultrathin struts.

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of these two ultrathin DESs in real-world practice.

Methods: From a single-center prospective registry, we included 751 and 931 patients treated with the Genoss DES and Orsiro stents, respectively.

Synthesis and biological assessment of chalcone and pyrazoline derivatives as novel inhibitor for ELF3-MED23 interaction.

HER2 overexpression significantly contributes to the aggressive nature and recurrent patterns observed in various solid tumors, notably gastric cancers. Trastuzumab, HER2-targeting monoclonal antibody drug, has shown considerable clinical success; however, readily emerging drug resistance emphasizes the pressing need for improved interventions in HER2-overexpressing cancers. To address this, we proposed targeting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between ELF3 and MED23 as an alternative therapeutic approach to trastuzumab.

A Real-World, Prospective, Observational Study of Rivaroxaban on Prevention of Stroke and Non-Central Nervous Systemic Embolism in Renally Impaired Korean Patients With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: XARENAL.

Background And Objectives: Several real-world studies have been done in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF); however, information on its safety profile in patients with renal impairment is limited. XARENAL, a real-world study, aimed to prospectively investigate the safety profile of rivaroxaban in patients with NVAF with renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl], 15-49 mL/min).

Methods: XARENAL is an observational single-arm cohort study in renal impairment NVAF patients.

Deodeokaloid, a New Indole Alkaloid -Glycoside and Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of .

, commonly known as the bonnet bellflower or deodeok, is primarily found in Eastern Asia. Its roots have been used traditionally across Asia to treat various ailments such as bronchitis, coughs, asthma, and inflammation. In our ongoing efforts to discover bioactive natural products, a phytochemical investigation of the -BuOH fraction of root extracts led to the isolation and identification of a new indole alkaloid -glycoside, deodeokaloid (D-indole-3-lactic acid -β-D-glucopyranoside) (), alongside known compounds tangshenoside I (), tangshenoside IV (), and chlorogenic acid () through HPLC purification.

Mitochondrial regulation in the tumor microenvironment: targeting mitochondria for immunotherapy.

Mitochondrial regulation plays a crucial role in cancer immunity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Infiltrating immune cells, including T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages, undergo mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming to survive the harsh conditions of the TME and enhance their antitumor activity. On the other hand, immunosuppressive cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), mast cells, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) rely on mitochondrial regulation to maintain their function as well.

Plain language summary: tarlatamab for patients with previously treated small cell lung cancer.

What Is This Summary About?: This is a summary of a phase 2 clinical study called DeLLphi-301. The study looked at how effective and safe a medicine called tarlatamab was in participants with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Participants previously received at least two other treatments for their SCLC.

Clinical utility of circulating tumor DNA profiling in detecting targetable fusions in non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: Numerous studies have suggested high concordance between tissue and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) tests but only few of them focused on fusions. In addition, atypical breakpoints occasionally detected from DNA-based fusion detection make interpretation difficult, and their clinical significance remains unclear. This study evaluated the clinical utility of ctDNA CGP for fusion detection.