A comprehensive outline of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic prescribing, and antimicrobial stewardship in South Africa: A scoping review protocol.

Introduction: The global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance transcends geographical and economic boundaries, affecting populations worldwide. Excessive and incorrect use of antibiotics encourages antimicrobial resistance which leads to complex treatment strategies for infectious diseases and possible failure of treatment. The incorrect and unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics places a burden on healthcare costs and thus, antimicrobial resistance is evident globally as a major public health concern.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have shown benefits in improving cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) and may mitigate symptom progression in myocardial infarction (MI). However, their effectiveness in patients with type 2 diabetes and MI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unclear.

Methods: To identify eligible studies, a comprehensive search of electronic databases, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Embase, was conducted from inception until May 2024.

Once-Weekly Insulin: A Breakthrough in Diabetes Management or an Unresolved Challenge?

The advent of once-weekly insulin icodec is a promising development in the care of individuals with diabetes. These once-weekly formulations aimed to improve patient adherence and quality of life for patients who find daily injection administration challenging. Insulin icodec has demonstrated comparable glycemic control to conventionally used daily basal insulins, such as insulin glargine and degludec, in the ONWARDS clinical trials.

Unlocking the Potential of RNA Sequencing in COVID-19: Toward Accurate Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine.

COVID-19 has caused widespread morbidity and mortality, with its effects extending to multiple organ systems. Despite known risk factors for severe disease, including advanced age and underlying comorbidities, patient outcomes can vary significantly. This variability complicates efforts to predict disease progression and tailor treatment strategies.

Microscopic and molecular studies of bovine Babesiosis in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.

Bovine Babesiosis, a tick-borne disease that causes major economic loss in cattle farms, is caused by Babesia species. The diagnosis of the disease is suspected through clinical features (e.g.

Association of extreme heat events with sleep and cardiovascular health: a scoping review.

Background: Extreme heat events (EHEs), driven by anthropogenic climate change, exacerbate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. A possible mechanism leading to heat-related CVD is disturbances in sleep health, which can increase the risk of hypertension, and is associated with ideal cardiovascular health. Thus, our objective was to systematically review the peer-reviewed literature that describes the relationship between EHEs, sleep health, and cardiovascular measures and outcomes and narratively describe methodologies, evidence, and gaps in this area in order to develop a future research agenda linking sleep health, EHEs, and CVD.

An annotated high-content fluorescence microscopy dataset with EGFP-Galectin-3-stained cells and manually labelled outlines.

Many forms of bioimage analysis involve the detection of objects and their outlines. In the context of microscopy-based high-throughput drug and genomic screening and even in smaller scale microscopy experiments, the objects that most often need to be detected are cells. In order to develop and benchmark algorithms and neural networks that can perform this task, high-quality datasets with annotated cell outlines are needed.

Solution NMR goes big: Atomic resolution studies of protein components of molecular machines and phase-separated condensates.

The tools of structural biology have undergone remarkable advances in the past decade. These include new computational and experimental approaches that have enabled studies at a level of detail - and ease - that were not previously possible. Yet, significant deficiencies in our understanding of biomolecular function remain and new challenges must be overcome to go beyond static pictures towards a description of function in terms of structural dynamics.

Lung function and onset of cardiometabolic diseases in the longitudinal Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study.

Introduction: Previous population-based studies, mainly from high-income countries, have shown that a higher forced vital capacity (FVC) is associated with a lower risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal association between spirometry measures and the onset of cardiometabolic diseases across sites in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries.

Methods: The study population comprised 5916 individuals from 15 countries participating in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease baseline and follow-up assessments.

Baicalin nanoemulsion mitigates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and restoring cellular integrity.

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, but its clinical utility is limited by side effects affecting different systems and organs, including hepatotoxicity in some cases. Baicalin, a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties, but its low bioavailability limits its therapeutic use. This study aimed to investigate whether a nanoemulsion formulation of baicalin could enhance its efficacy against cisplatin-induced hepatic injury in rats.

A Rare Case of Disseminated Tuberculosis Presenting As a Frontal Headache and Photophobia in the UK.

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by  (TB), demonstrating a vast clinical spectrum that can potentially involve all systems of the body. We present the case of a female in her late 20s, with an employment background in healthcare. She recently moved to the UK from India.

Incidence and Predictors of Cardiac Complications Following Elective Versus Urgent Non-cardiac Surgeries.

Cardiac complications following non-cardiac surgeries are a significant cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of cardiac complications in patients undergoing elective and urgent non-cardiac surgeries. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for studies published between 2010 and 2024.

Inhibition of platelet activation process upon tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure: Role of PFKP-mediated glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), recognized as an emerging pollutant, has been frequently detected in human blood. Maintenance of blood homeostasis is indispensable for regulating various physiological states and overall health, yet hematological toxicology of TCEP has not been extensively investigated. Platelets, a vital component of blood, are fundamental in the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis through their activation; thus, this study was designed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of TCEP on platelet activation.

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Repairing the Bruised Tissue via Regulating mRNA Expression of Molecular Biomarkers and the Apoptotic Rate.

Background/aims: Bruise is the extravasation of blood that may be mild or severe. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are one of the most promising cells used in regenerative medicine for treating many disorders. We aimed to evaluate the efficiency of BM-MSCs in treating cutaneous bruises.

Non-adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Interventions: Insights From a Comprehensive Case Series Review.

Adhering to established guidelines, regional anesthesia (RA) and pain interventions are essential for preventing or minimizing the risk of complications. This study examines neurological complications that may arise when RA or pain interventions are performed without adherence to the clinical practice guidelines. This article aimed to emphasize the relationship between deviations from standards of care in RA and neurological outcomes.

Trends in Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Diseases Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) present significant health burdens, particularly among older adults. Patients with PD have an elevated risk of CVD-related mortality. Analyzing mortality trends in this population may help guide focused interventions.

Building resilient urban drainage systems by integrated flood risk index for evidence-based planning.

Urban flooding poses a significant risk to cities worldwide, exacerbated by increasing urbanization and climate change. Effective flood risk management requires comprehensive assessments considering the complex interaction of social, economic, and environmental factors. This study developed an innovative Urban Flood Risk Index (FRI) to quantify and assess flood risk at the sub-catchment level, providing a tool for evidence-based planning and resilient infrastructure development.

Meta-analysis of longitudinal comparison of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients at low to intermediate surgical risk.

Background: Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is the commonly used approach for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with aortic stenosis at low or intermediate surgical risk. However, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has emerged as an alternative to SAVR for AVR. This meta-analysis aims to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of TAVR versus SAVR in low-to-intermediate surgical risk patients by analyzing temporal trends in the outcomes of TAVR and SAVR at various follow-up intervals, providing a more detailed understanding.

Exploring the impact of interferon-gamma single nucleotide polymorphisms on HTLV-1 infection: Unraveling genetic influences in viral pathogenesis.

Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) induces neoplastic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and neurological HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) in approximately 3 %-5 % of infected individuals. The precise factors that facilitate disease manifestation are still unknown; interaction between the virus and the host's immune response is key. Cytokines regulates physiological activities and their dysregulation may initiate the pathogenesis of various malignant and infectious diseases.

Rising cardiovascular mortality among obstructive sleep apnea patients: United States epidemiological trends (1999-2019).

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevalence has risen significantly, affecting millions globally and posing a major healthcare burden. OSA is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as heart failure, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. However, trends in CVD-related mortality among individuals with OSA remain underexplored.

Cardiotoxicity of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure: Insights into the role of oxygen sensor mediated energy metabolism remodeling.

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, an extensively used organophosphorus flame retardant in consumer products, has caused pervasive environmental contamination and increased human exposure, raising concerns about its cardiotoxic potential. However, the detailed toxicological profile, particularly concerning the crucial cardiac energy metabolism, and the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study in C57BL/6 J mice exposed to TCEP for 36 days at varying doses revealed cardiac dysfunction, structural abnormalities, and hypoxia.

The Effect of Prolonged Antenatal Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Preventing Gestational Alloimmune Liver Disease-A Case Series with Literature Review.

 Gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD) is characterized by maternal IgG-directed fetal hepatocyte damage and can lead to severe liver failure and fetal or infant death. Moreover, GALD is associated with a near 90% risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies.  We present a case of a newborn patient delivered to a 32-year-old G2P1000 mother who received prolonged antenatal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment during the current pregnancy due to the neonatal death of the first child from GALD-related liver failure.

An early precursor CD8 T cell that adapts to acute or chronic viral infection.

This study examines the origin and differentiation of stem-like CD8+ T cells that are essential for sustained T cell immunity in chronic viral infections and cancer and also play a key role in PD-1 directed immunotherapy. These PD-1+ TCF-1+ TOX+ stem-like CD8+ T cells, also referred to as precursors of exhausted T cells, have a distinct program that allows them to adapt to chronic antigen stimulation. Using the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection we found that virus specific stem-like CD8+ T cells are generated early (day 5) during chronic infection suggesting that this crucial fate commitment occurs irrespective of infection outcome.